Aeschylus — The Seven Tragedies

Part 1

1CHORUS: Here we are, the faithful Council of the Persians, who have gone to the land of Hellas, we who serve as warders of the royal abode, rich in bountiful store of gold,

5we whom Xerxes, our King, Darius’ royal son, himself selected, by virtue of our rank and years, to be the guardians of his realm. Yet as regards the return of our King and of his host, so richly decked out in gold,

10the soul within my breast is distressed and presages disaster. For the whole populace of the Asian nation has come and murmurs against its youthful King, nor does any courier or horseman

15arrive at the city of the Persians, who left behind them the walled defence of Susa and Agbatana and Cissa’s ancient ramparts, and went forth, some on horseback, some in galleys, others on foot

20presenting a dense array of war. Such are Amistres and Artaphrenes and Megabates and Astaspes, marshals of the Persians; kings themselves, yet vassals of the Great King,

25they press on, commanders of an enormous host, skilled in archery and horsemanship, formidable to look upon and fearful in battle through the valiant resolve of their souls. Artembares, too, who fights from his chariot,

30and Masistres, and noble Imaeus, skilled with the bow, and Pharandaces, and Sosthanes, who urges on his steeds. Others in addition the mighty, fecund Nile sent forth — Susiscanes,

35Pegastagon of Egyptian lineage, mighty Arsames, lord of sacred Memphis, Ariomardus, governor of ancient Thebes, and the marsh-dwelling oarsmen,

40well-skilled and countless in number.

41Behind them follows a throng of luxurious Lydians and thosewho hold in subjection all the people of the mainland, whom Metrogathes and brave Arcteus, their regal commanders,

45and Sardis rich in gold sent forth, riding in many a chariot, in ranks with three and four steeds abreast, a spectacle terrible to behold. They too who live by sacred Tmolus pledge themselves

50to cast the yoke of slavery upon Hellas—Mardon, Tharybis, anvils of the lance, and the Mysians, hurlers of the javelin. Babylon, also, teeming with gold, sends a mixed host arrayed in a long line, both mariners borne in galleys

55and those who rely on their skill in archery. The nation too which wears the sabre follows from every part of Asia in the fearful procession of the King. Such are the warriors, the flower of the Persian land,

60who have departed, and in fierce longing for them the whole land of Asia, their foster-nurse, laments, while parents and wives, as they count the days, shudder at the lengthening delay.

65CHORUS: The royal army, dealing destruction to cities, has already passed to the neighboring land upon the facing shore, and this they did by crossing the Hellespont,

70named for the daughter of Athamas, on a bridge of boats made fast with cables, thereby casting a tightly constructed roadway as a yoke upon the neck of the sea.

73CHORUS: The fiery lord of populous Asia

75is leading his wondrous warrior-flock against the whole earth in two divisions, on foot and by the sea, putting his trust in his stalwart and stern commanders; he himself,

80a god-like hero whose race is sprung from gold.

81CHORUS: With eyes flashing with the dark glare of a deadly dragon, attended by soldiers and mariners in great numbers, and speeding his Syrian chariot,

85he leads against a people renowned for the spear a warlike host of archers.

87CHORUS: And there is no man skilled to withstand the mighty stream of men, and with strong barriers keep out the sea’s invincible surge;

90for Persia’s host cannot be withstood, and her men are courageous.

93CHORUS: For by the will of the gods Fate has held sway

95since ancient time, and has ordained for the Persians the pursuit of rampart-destroying war, the turmoil of fighting horsemen, and the storming of cities.

100CHORUS: And they have learned to look upon the precinct of the deep when the broad-wayed sea whitens to foam beneath the tempest’s blast, trusting in their finely wrought

105cables and their devices which give passage to their army.

107CHORUS: Yet the insidious guile of god—what mortal man can escape it? Who with agile foot can lightly overleap

110and escape its toils?

111CHORUS: For Delusion, with her fair appearance, lures men astray into her snares, from which it is not possible to escape without meeting with disaster.

115CHORUS: Therefore my heart is wrapped in gloom and is racked with fear for the Persian army lest the state learn that the mighty capital of Susa is empty of men.

120CHORUS: Fearful I am too that as bands of women cry aloud woe, the Cissian stronghold will raise a resounding shout responsive to the beating of breasts,

125and that there will be a tearing of fine linen robes.

126CHORUS: For all the men-at-arms, those who urge on steeds and those who march along the plain, have left the city and gone forth, like bees in a swarm, together with the captain of the host.

130They have crossed the headland, projecting into the sea and common to either continent, through which both shores are bridged.

133CHORUS: And marriage-beds are filled with tears through longing for husbands;

135each Persian woman has sent to the field her warlike and fiery consort, and now in grief and longing for her beloved lord, is left forsaken by her mate.

140CHORUS: But come, Persians, let us take our place on the steps of this ancient palace and devise some wise and deeply-pondered counsel—for need of this has come upon us—as to how Xerxes our King,

145Darius’ son, scion of our own race as his forefather’s name declares, is faring. Is it the drawing of the bow that has triumphed, or is it the might of the sharp spear-head which has prevailed? Enter Atossa, richly dressed, on a chariot and attended by a numerous retinue

150But look, here is a light like the eyes of the god, the mother of our king, my Queen. I bow low before her. It is fitting also that we all address her with words of salutation. The elders prostrate themselves and then rise to their feet. Their leader continues

155CHORUS: O Queen, most exalted of Persia’s deep-girdled women, venerable mother of Xerxes, wife of Darius, all hail! You were the consort of the Persian’s god, and of another god the mother, that is, unless its former good fortune has now forsaken our host.

159ATOSSA: For this very reason I have left the gold-decorated palace

160and the chamber which belongs to Darius and myself, and have come here. My heart, too, is racked with anxiety, and to you, my friends, will I make a disclosure. For I am by no means free from apprehension that wealth, grown great, will, raising a cloud of dust upon the ground, trip up the prosperity which Darius raised not without the favor of some god.

165It is for this reason that there is a double concern in my mind: neither to hold in honor vast wealth without men, and that the light of success does not shine, in proportion to their strength, on men without riches. Our wealth, at all events, is ample, but my anxiety is for the light, the salvation of the house, which I regard to be the presence of its lord.

170Therefore, since things stand as they do, lend me your counsel in this concern, Persians, my aged trusty servants. For all my hopes of good counsel depend on you.

173CHORUS: Be assured, our country’s Queen, that you need not twice mention either word or deed regarding that in which it is possible for us to direct you.

175For we whom you summon as counsellors in these matters are well disposed towards you and your interests.

176ATOSSA: I have been haunted by a multitude of dreams at night since the time when my son, having despatched his army, departed with intent to lay waste the land of the Ionians. But never yet have I beheld so distinct a vision

180as that of the last night. This I will describe to you. I dreamed that two women in beautiful clothes, one in Persian garb, the other in Dorian attire, appeared before my eyes; both far more striking in stature than are the women of our time,

185flawless in beauty, sisters of the same family. As for the lands in which they dwelt, to one had been assigned by lot the land of Hellas, to the other that of the barbarians. The two, as I imagined it, seemed to provoke each other to a mutual feud, and my son, when he had become aware of this,

190attempted to restrain and placate them. He yoked them both to his car and placed the collar-straps upon their necks. The one bore herself proudly in these trappings and kept her mouth obedient to the rein. The other struggled and with her hands

195tore apart the harness of the car; then, free of the curb, she dragged it violently along with her and snapped the yoke in two. My son was hurled to the ground and his father Darius stood by his side filled with pity. But Xerxes, when he caught sight of him, tore the garments covering his body.

200Such was the vision I beheld in the night. But when I had risen and dipped my hands in the clear-flowing water of a spring, I drew near to an altar with incense in my hand, intending to make an offering of sacrificial cake to the divinities that avert evil, those to whom these rites are due.

205But I saw an eagle fleeing for safety to the altar of Phoebus—and out of terror, my friends, I stood speechless. Thereupon I caught sight of a falcon rushing at full speed with outstretched wings and with his talons plucking at the head of the eagle, which did nothing but cower and

210yielded its body to his foe. These are the terrors I beheld, terrors too for you to hear. Be assured that if my son should suceeed, he would prove to be remarkable indeed, but if he fails, he does not have to answer to the state; if he returns safely, he will hold sway in this land as he did before.

215CHORUS: Mother, we would neither alarm you unduly by our words nor raise your hopes too high. If, however, it is something inauspicious that you have seen, visit the gods with supplication and entreat them to avert the evil and to bring to pass what will be beneficial to you, your children, the kingdom, and all else that you hold dear. Next, it is appropriate that you should

220offer libations to Earth and the dead; and use auspicious words to address your husband Darius, whom you say you have seen in the night, and ask him to send into the light of day from beneath the earth blessings for you and your son; ask too that the reverse of this may be held in bondage beneath the earth and fade away in gloom. Such is the advice I, relying on my instincts, offer you with kind intent.

225According to our interpretation of these portents, the issue will in all respects prove prosperous to you.

226ATOSSA: You, its first interpreter, have indeed read the meaning of my dream with goodwill, at least, toward my son and house. May the outcome then prove beneficial! When I return to the palace, I will perform for the gods and my dear ones beneath the earth all those rites which you recommend. Meanwhile, my friends, I would like to learn

230where Athens is located.

Part 2

232CHORUS: Far from here, to the west where the last rays of our Lord the Sun set.

233ATOSSA: Can it then really be that my son had the keen desire to make this city his prey?

234CHORUS: Yes, for then all Hellas would be subject to the King.

235ATOSSA: Does their army have such a multitude of men?

236CHORUS: Yes, it is an army of such magnitude that it has caused great disaster for the Medes.

237ATOSSA: And what else have they besides? Do they have sufficient wealth in their homes?

238CHORUS: Of silver they possess a veritable fountain, a treasure chest in their soil.

239ATOSSA: Is the bow-stretching arrow particularly suited to their hands?

240CHORUS: Far from it; they have lances for close fight and shields that serve them for armor.

241ATOSSA: And who is set over them as shepherd and is master of their host?

242CHORUS: Of no man are they called the slaves or vassals.

243ATOSSA: How then can they withstand the attack of an invading foe?

244CHORUS: So well as to have destroyed Darius’ great and courageous host.

245ATOSSA: In truth, your words have given the fathers and mothers of those who are now on their way there dire food for thought.

246CHORUS: No, rather I think that you will soon learn the truth of the matter. For here comes one who is beyond a doubt a Persian courier. He bears clear tidings of some issue, be it good or bad.

249MESSENGER: O cities of all the land of Asia,

250O realm of Persia, and bounteous haven of wealth, at a single stroke all your plenteous prosperity has been shattered, and the flower of the Persians has fallen and perished! Ah, it is a terrible task to be the first to deliver news of disaster. And yet, Persians, I must relate the entirety of the calamity

255—the whole barbarian host is lost.

256CHORUS: Grievous, grievous disaster, strange and cruel. Alas, Persians, weep now that you hear of this calamity.

260MESSENGER: Yes, weep, for you hear that the whole army is utterly destroyed; and I myself unexpectedly behold the day of my return.

262CHORUS: The life which has been given to us elders is too long, for we have now heard

265of this unexpected misery.

266MESSENGER: Since I myself was present and did not merely hear what happened from the report of others, I can tell you exactly what kind of disaster was wrought.

Part 3

268CHORUS: Alas, alas! In vain did our vast and variously armed host

270go forth from the land of Asia against the hostile soil of Hellas.

272MESSENGER: Full of the bodies of men who perished by a miserable fate are the shores of Salamis and all the neighboring coasts.

274CHORUS: Alas, alas! You say that the bodies of our loved ones,

275battered by the brine and drenched, are tossing, washed back and forth among the reefs.

278MESSENGER: Our bows were of no use, and the whole host has perished, overwhelmed when ship charged on ship.

280CHORUS: Raise a doleful and mournful wail for the Persians, the wretched Persians, since they have met with complete and utter ruin. Alas for the destruction of our host!

284MESSENGER: O name of Salamis most odious to my ears!

285Alas, how I groan when I recall the memory of Athens!

286CHORUS: Ah, hateful indeed is Athens to her foes. Now must we remember how many Persian women she has deprived of sons and husbands, lost all in vain.

290ATOSSA: Long have I kept silent in my misery, struck with dismay at our disaster; for this calamity is so great that it is not possible to say or even to ask about its extent. Nevertheless mortals must endure affliction when it is heaven-sent.

295Compose yourself, and even though you groan at our loss, relate the sum of our disaster and speak out! Who is there that is not dead? Whom of our leaders must we bewail? Who, appointed to wield command, by death left his post empty, without its chief?

299MESSENGER: Xerxes himself lives and beholds the light.

300ATOSSA: The words you utter bring a great light of joy into my house, and bright day after night wrapped in gloom.

302MESSENGER: But Artembares, commander of ten thousand cavalrymen, is being battered now against Silenia’s cruel shore. And Dadaces, leader of a thousand men, leapt, struck by a spear,

305with a nimble bound from his ship. Tenagon, the true-born Bactrians’ chieftain, is ranging now around the surf-beaten isle of Ajax. Lilaeus and Arsames, and, third, Argestes,

310kept buffeting against its rugged shore, whirled around about the island,the breeding-place of doves. Arcteus, too, who lived by the waters of the Egyptian Nile, Adeues, and Pharnuchus of the mighty shield—all these were hurled out of one ship. Matallus of Chrysa, commander of ten thousand,

315leader of the Black Cavalry, thirty thousand strong, in death dyed red his thick and shaggy beard, changing its color with a deep crimson stain. Arabus, too, the Magian, perished there, and Bactrian Artabes, a settler now in a rugged land.

320Amistris, and Amphistreus, wielder of a painful spear, and brave Ariomardus, whose death brought grief to Sardis, and Seisames the Mysian, and Tharybis, admiral of five times fifty ships, a Lyrnaean by descent, a man of physical beauty,

325lies dead in a state of misery, no longer attended by good fortune. Syennesis, also, the governor of the Cilicians, foremost in courage, he whose prowess did the foe most harm, found there a glorious death. Such were the leaders about whom I was making my report.

330Although our losses were many, I announce but few.

331ATOSSA: Alas! The words I hear put the very crown upon our woes; a disgrace to the Persians and cause for shrill lament. But retrace your tale and tell me this clearly:

335how great was the number of the Greek ships which gave them confidence enough to go into battle with their armed prows against the Persian army?

337MESSENGER: If numbers had been the only factor, be assured that the barbarians would have gained the victory with their fleet. For the whole number of the ships of Hellas amounted to ten times thirty,

340and, in addition to these, there was a chosen squadron of ten. But Xerxes, this I know, had under his command a thousand, while those excelling in speed were twice a hundred, and seven more. This is the total of their respective numbers. Do you think that we were simply outnumbered in this contest?

345No, it was some divine power that tipped the scale of fortune with unequal weight and thus destroyed our host. The gods preserve the city of the goddess Pallas.

348ATOSSA: Is then the city of Athens not yet despoiled?

349MESSENGER: No, while her men still live, her ramparts are impregnable.

350ATOSSA: But the beginning of the encounter of the fleets, tell me about it. Who began the onset? Was it the Hellenes? Or my son, exulting in the multitude of his ships?

353MESSENGER: My Queen, some destructive power or evil spirit, appearing from somewhere or other, caused the beginning of our utter rout.

355A Hellene, from the Athenian host, came to your son Xerxes and told this tale: that, when the gloom of black night should set in, the Hellenes would not remain in place, but, springing upon the rowing benches of their ships, would seek, some here, some there,

360to preserve their lives by stealthy flight. But Xerxes, when he heard this, comprehending neither the cleverness of the Greek nor that the gods grudged him success, straightway gave all his captains orders to this effect—that, when the sun had ceased to illumine the earth with his beams,

365and darkness had covered the region of the sky, they should bring up in a tight group the main body of the fleet, disposed in triple line, to bar the exits and the sounding straits, and station other ships in a circle around the island of Ajax. He gave them a warning too that, should the Hellenes escape an evil doom,

370finding by stealth some means of flight for their fleet, it had been decreed that every captain should lose his head. These commands he made with complete confidence of heart, since he knew not the issue intended by the gods. Our crews then, with no lack of order but with an obedient spirit,

375prepared their evening meal, while each sailor looped his oar about its thole-pin so that it fitted well. But when the light of the sun had faded and night drew on, each master of an oar and each man versed in arms went on board.

380The long galleys cheered each other, line by line; and they held their course as each captain had been ordered, and all through the night the commanders of the fleet kept their whole force cruising to and fro across the strait. Night began to wane,

385yet the fleet of the Hellenes in no way attempted to put forth by stealth. When, however, radiant Day with her white horses shone over all the land, a loud cheer like a song of triumph first rang out from the Hellenes, and, at the same instant,

390clear from the island crags, an echo returned an answering cry. Terror fell on all the barbarians, balked of their purpose; for then the Hellenes chanted their solemn paean, not as in flight, but as men rushing to the onset with the courage of gallant hearts.

395The trumpet with its blast set all their side afire, and instantly, at the word of command, with the even stroke of foaming oars they struck the briny deep. Swiftly they all came clear into view. Their right wing, well marshalled,

400led on in orderly advance, next their whole army pressed on against us, and at the same time a loud shout met our ears: On, you men of Hellas! Free your native land. Free your children, your wives, the temples of your fathers’ gods,and the tombs of your ancestors. Now you are fighting for all you have. Then from our side arose in response the mingled clamor of Persian speech, and straightaway the ships dashed together their bronze prows. It was a ship of Hellas

410that began the charge and chopped off in its entirety the curved stern of a Phoenician boat. Each captain drove his ship straight against some other ship. At first the stream of the Persian army held its own. When, however, the mass of our ships had been crowded in the narrows, and none could render another aid,

415and each crashed its bronze prow against each of its own line, they splintered their whole bank of oars. Then the Hellenic galleys, not heedless of their chance, hemmed them in and battered them on every side. The hulls of our vessels rolled over, and the sea was hidden from our sight,

420strewn as it was with wrecks and slaughtered men. The shores and reefs were crowded with our dead, and every ship that formed a part of the barbarian fleet plied its oars in disorderly flight. But, as if our men were tuna or some haul of fish,

425the foe kept striking and hacking them with broken oars and fragments of wrecked ships. Groans and shrieks together filled the open sea until the face of black night hid the scene. But as for the the full extent of our disasters, this, even if I had ten days in succession to do so, I could not describe to you.

430However, you can be sure that so great a multitude of men never perished in a single day.

433ATOSSA: Alas! In truth a vast sea of troubles has burst upon the Persians and the entire barbarian race.

435MESSENGER: Be assured of this, not even half of the disaster has as yet been told. A calamity so dreadful as to outweigh these ills twice over befell them.

Part 4

438ATOSSA: But what greater misfortune than this could have befallen them? Speak! What is this other disaster you say

440came upon our force, sinking the scale to greater weight of ill?

441MESSENGER: Those Persians who were in their life’s prime, bravest in spirit, pre-eminent for noble birth, and always among the foremost in loyalty to the King himself— these have fallen ignobly by a most inglorious doom.

445ATOSSA: Ah, I am truly reduced to misery through this disaster! By what fate was it that you say they met their end?

447MESSENGER: There is an islandlying before Salamis, a small one and dangerous anchorage for ships; its sea-washed shore is the haunt of Pan, who loves the dance.

450There Xerxes dispatched these, his choicest troops, in order that when the Hellenic enemy, wrecked from their ships, should flee in search of safety to the island, they might slaughter their force, an easy prey, and rescue their comrades from the straits of the sea. Grievously did he misjudge the issue. For when some god

455had given the glory to the Hellenes in the battle on the sea, on that same day, fencing their bodies in armor of bronze, they leapt from their ships and encircled the whole island, so that our men were at a loss which way to turn. Often they were struck by stones slung from their hands,

460and arrows sped from the bow-string kept falling upon them and doing them harm. At last the Hellenes, charging with one shout, struck them and hacked to pieces the limbs of the poor wretches, until they had utterly quenched the life of all.

465Xerxes groaned aloud when he beheld the extent of the disaster, for he occupied a seat commanding a clear view of the entire army—a lofty headland by the open sea. Tearing his robes and uttering a loud cry, he straightaway gave orders to his force on land

470and dismissed them in disorderly flight. This, besides the one already told, is the disaster you must bewail.

472ATOSSA: O hateful divinity, how have you foiled the purpose of the Persians! Cruel was the vengeance which my son brought upon himself for his designs against illustrious Athens; the barbarians

475whom Marathon destroyed were not enough. It was in an effort to exact retribution for them that my son has drawn upon himself so great a multitude of woes. But the ships that escaped destruction—tell me about them. Where did you leave them? Can you give a clear report?

480MESSENGER: The commanders of the ships which still remained fled with a rush in disorder wherever the wind bore them. As for the survivors of the army, they perished in Boeotian territory, some, faint from thirst, beside a refreshing spring, while some of us, exhausted and panting,

485made our way to the land of the Phocians, to Doris and the Melian gulf, where the Spercheus waters the plain with kindly stream. Coming from there, badly in need of food, we received welcome in the Achaean land and the cities of the Thessalians.

490There it was that many perished of thirst and hunger, for we were oppressed by both. And we came to the Magnesian land and to the country of the Macedonians, to the ford of the Axius and Bolbe’s reedy marsh, and to Mount Pangaeus,

495in the Edonian land. But on that night the god roused winter before its time and froze the stream of sacred Strymon from shore to shore. Many a man who before that had held the gods in no esteem, implored them then in supplication, doing obeisance to earth and heaven.

500But when our host had made an end of its fervent invocation of the gods, it ventured to pass across the ice-bound stream. And each of us who started on his way before the sun god dispersed his beams, found himself in safety, for the bright orb of the sun with its burning rays

505heated the middle section and pierced it with its flames. One after another our men sank in, and fortunate indeed was he who perished soonest. The survivors, after making their way through Thrace with great hardship,

510—and few they were indeed—escaped to the safety of the land of their homes; now the city of the Persians may make lament in regret for the beloved youth of the land. What I say is true, yet much remains untold of the ills launched by Heaven upon the Persians. Exit

515CHORUS: O unearthly power, source of our cruel distress, with what crushing weight have you fallen upon the whole Persian race!

517ATOSSA: How the utter destruction of our host distresses me! O vivid vision of my dreams at night, how clearly did you signify misfortune to me!

520And all too lightly did you in turn interpret it. However, since your explanation determined thus, first of all I wish to offer prayers to the gods, and then I will return after I have brought from the palace a sacrificial cake as a gift to Earth and the dead.

525I know indeed that it is for what cannot be undone, yet I do this in the hope that something more auspicious may come to pass in the future. But you should confer faithfully with the faithful counsellors in view of what has befallen. And as for my son, if he should come here before I return,

530comfort him and escort him to the palace, so that he will not inflict on himself some further ill to crown those already ours. Exit

532CHORUS: O sovereign Zeus, by destroying the army of the haughty and multitudinous Persians,

535you have shrouded in the gloom of grief the city of Susa and of Agbatana! Many a woman, who has a share in this sorrow, tears her veil with tender hands

540and moistens with drenching tears the robe covering her bosom. And the Persian wives, indulging in soft wailing through longing to behold their lords and abandoning the daintily wrought coverlets of their couches, the delight of their youth,

545mourn with complainings that know no end. So I too sustain the truly woeful fate of those who are gone.

548CHORUS: For now in truth the whole land of Asia, decimated, moans:

550Xerxes led forth (woe!), Xerxes laid low (woe!), Xerxes disposed all things imprudently with his sea-going vessels. Why then was Darius

555in his time so unscathed by disaster, he who was ruler of archers, to the men of Susa a beloved leader?

558CHORUS: For infantry and seamen both, the ships, dark-eyedand linen-winged,

560led forth (woe!), the ships laid them low (woe!), the ships, under the deadly impact of the foe and by the hands of Ionians.

565The King himself, as we learn, has barely made his escape over the wintry paths which traverse the plains of Thrace.

568CHORUS: And they who were first to meet their doom (alas!), left behind by dire necessity (alas!),

570are swept along the Cychrean strand (woe!). Groan and gnash your teeth; in grievous strain shout forth our woes till they reach the heavens (alas!), raise high

575your wailing clamor in cries of misery.

576CHORUS: Lacerated by the swirling waters (alas!) they are gnawed (alas!) by the voiceless children of the undefiled sea (alas!). The home, bereaved of his presence, laments its head;

580and parents, bereft of their children, in their old age bewail their heaven- sent woes (alas!), now that they learn the full measure of their afflictions.

584CHORUS: Not now for long will those who dwell throughout the length and breadth of Asia

585abide under the sway of the Persians, nor will they pay further tribute at the compulsion of their lord, nor will they prostrate themselves to the earth and do him reverence;

590for the royal power has perished utterly.

591No longer will men keep a curb upon their tongues; for the people are set free to utter their thoughts at will, now that the yoke of power has been broken.

595The blood-stained soil of Ajax’ sea-washed isle holds all that once was Persia.

598ATOSSA: My friends, whoever has experience of misery knows that when a sea

600of troubles comes upon mortal men, they view all things with alarm; but when fortune flows with prosperous tide, they believe that this same fortune will forever bring them success. Now in my case everything seems full of dread; before my eyes appears the enmity of the gods,

605and in my ears there rings a sound that has no note of joy; such is my consternation at the evil tidings which terrify my soul. It is for this reason that I have come here from the palace once again, without my chariot and my former pomp, and bring, as propitiatory libations for the father of my son,

610offerings that soothe the dead, both white milk, pleasant to drink, from an unblemished cow, and bright honey, distillation wrought from blossoms by the bee, together with lustral water from a virgin spring;

615and from a rustic source, this unmixed draught, the quickening juice of an ancient vine. Here too is the fragrant fruit of the pale-green olive that lives the entirety of its life in luxuriant foliage; and garlanded flowers, produce of the bounteous earth. But come, my friends,

620chant solemn songs as I make these libations to the dead, and summon forth the divine spirit of Darius, while I convey, in honor of the gods, these offerings for the earth to drink.

623CHORUS: Royal lady, august queen of the Persians, pour these libations down to the chambers of the earth,

625while we, in solemn chant, beseech the guides of the dead beneath the earth to be gracious to our prayers. O holy divinities of the nether world, Earth and Hermes, and you, Lord of the dead,

630send up to the light the spirit from below; for if, beyond our prayers, he knows any further remedy for our distress, he alone of mortals can declare how to bring it to accomplishment.

633CHORUS: Does our sainted and godlike king hear me as I utter,

635in obscure barbaric speech, my dismal and dolorous cries? Or must I shout aloud the utter misery of my anguish so that it pierces the earth? Does he hear me from below?

640CHORUS: O Earth, and you other rulers of those who dwell in the nether world, ensure, I implore, that the glorious spirit, the god of the Persians, whom Susa bore, may quit his abode.

645Send to the upper world him the likes of whom the Persian earth has never entombed.

647CHORUS: Beloved indeed was the hero, beloved is his burial mound; beloved are the qualities that lie buried there. O Aidoneus,

650Aidoneus, who convey shades to the upper air, permit our divine lord Darius to come forth!

Part 5

652CHORUS: For since he did not ever cause the destruction of his people by senseless and ruinous wars, he bore the name of divine counsellor

655to the Persians; and a divine counsellor he was, since he guided his people well.

657CHORUS: King, our king of old, come forth, draw near! Rise to the barrow’s topmost point,

660lift your saffron-dyed sandal, display the crest of your royal tiara! Come forth, O blameless father Darius.

664CHORUS: That you may hear

665pitiable and unheard-of sorrows, O Lord of our lord, appear! For a gloom, like that of Styx, hovers over us, since all the youth of the land

670is now utterly destroyed. Come forth, O blameless father Darius!

673CHORUS: Alas, alas! You whose death your friends bewailed with bitter tears,

675why, my king, my king, why is it that our land has lost all its three-tiered galleys,

680ships that are no more, no more?

681GHOST OF DARIUS: O most faithful of the faithful, comrades of my youth, aged Persians, what is it that is troubling the state? The earth groans and is furrowed by the stamp of men. As I behold my wife by my tomb,

685I feel alarm, and I accept her libations in kindly mood; while you, standing near my tomb, make lament, and with shrill cries that summon the spirits of the dead, invoke me piteously. Not easy is the path out of the tomb, for this reason above all, that the gods beneath the earth

690are readier to seize than to release. Nevertheless, since I have obtained dominion among them, I have come. But make haste, so that I may not incur blame regarding the time of my sojourn. What is this unexpected ill that weighs the Persians down?

694CHORUS: I shrink in awe from gazing upon you.

695I shrink in awe from speaking in your presence by reason of my former dread of you.

697DARIUS: Since, in compliance with your moanings, I have come from the world below, lay aside your awe of me; make your tale not long, but brief; speak out and deliver your story in its entirety.

700CHORUS: I fear to do your bidding; I fear to speak in your presence and deliver to those I love news hard to utter.

703DARIUS: Since dread long ingrained in your mind restrains you,

705cease, noble woman, venerable partner of my bed, from your tears and laments, speak to me with all frankness. Afflictions ordained for human life must, we know, befall mankind. For many calamities from the sea, many from the land, arise to mortal men if their span of life is extended far.

709ATOSSA: O you who in prosperity surpassed all mortal men by your happy destiny,

710since, so long as you gazed upon the beams of the sun, you lived a life of felicity, envied of all, in Persian eyes a god, so now too I consider you fortunate in that you died before you beheld the depth of our calamities. The whole tale, O Darius, you will hear in brief space of time: the power of Persia is ruined almost utterly.

715DARIUS: How did it happen? Did some stroke of pestilence or factional strife come upon the State?

716ATOSSA: Neither; but near Athens our whole host has been brought to ruin.

717DARIUS: Tell me, what son of mine led our army there?

718ATOSSA: Impetuous Xerxes, depopulating the whole surface of the continent.

719DARIUS: Was it by land or sea that he made this mad expedition, the reckless man?

720ATOSSA: By both. There was a twofold front of double armies.

721DARIUS: But how was it that so vast a land force won a passage to the farther shore?

722ATOSSA: By a clever device he yoked the Hellespont so as to gain a passage.

723DARIUS: What! Did he succeed in closing the mighty Bosporus?

724ATOSSA: Yes indeed. One of the divine powers must have assisted him in his purpose.

Part 6

725DARIUS: Alas! Some mighty power came upon him so that he was not able to think clearly.

726ATOSSA: Yes, since we can see the outcome, what ruin he wrought.

727DARIUS: And how then did they fare that you now lament them?

728ATOSSA: Disaster to the naval force brought ruin to the force on land.

729DARIUS: And did the whole army utterly perish by the spear?

730ATOSSA: Yes, and it is for this reason that the whole city of Susa groans at its desolation.

731DARIUS: Alas for the loss of our warriors’ valiant force and defence!

732ATOSSA: And the host of the Bactrians is lost, wholly destroyed: not even an old man is left.

733DARIUS: Unhappy man, since he has brought to ruin the youth of our allies.

734ATOSSA: But Xerxes, alone and forlorn, with scanty train, they say—

735DARIUS: Met his end, how, tell me, and where? Of his safety is there any hope?

736ATOSSA: To his joy he reached the bridge yoking the two continents.

737DARIUS: And reached our continent in safety? Is this certain?

738ATOSSA: Yes, a proven report establishes this. Doubt there is none.

739DARIUS: Alas! The fulfilment of the oracles has indeed come swiftly, and it is my son upon whom

740Zeus has caused their issue to descend. Yet I was confident that, only after long lapse of time, the gods would in some way bring them to accomplishment; nevertheless, when man hastens to his own undoing, the god too participates with him. A fountain of misfortune has now, I think, been discovered for all I love. A son of mine it was who, in his ignorance, brought these things to pass through youthful recklessness;

745for he conceived the hope that he could by shackles, as if it were a slave, restrain the current of the sacred Hellespont, the Bosporus, a stream divine; he set himself to fashion a roadway of a new type, and, by casting upon it hammer-wrought fetters, made a spacious causeway for his mighty host. Mortal though he was, he thought in his folly that he would gain the mastery of all the gods,

750yes, even over Poseidon. Must this not have been a disease of the soul that possessed my son? I fear that the plenteous treasure amassed by my toil may become the prey of the spoiler.

753ATOSSA: This lesson impetuous Xerxes learned through conversation with evil men. For they kept telling him that, whereas you

755won plentiful treasure for your children by your spear, he, on his part, through lack of manly spirit, played the warrior at home and did not increase his father’s wealth. Hearing such taunts many a time from evil counsellors, he planned this expedition and army against Hellas.

759DARIUS: Therefore a calamity

760dreadful and unforgettable has been caused by him, a desolating calamity such as never before befell this city of Susa since our Lord Zeus first ordained that one ruler should bear sway over all Asia with its flocks and wield the sceptre of its government.

765For Medus was first to be the leader of its host; and another, his son, completed his work since wisdom ruled his spirit. Third, after him, Cyrus, blessed in good fortune, came to the throne and established peace for all his people.

770The Lydians and Phrygians he won to his rule, and the whole of Ionia he subdued by force; for he won the favor of the gods through his right-mindedness. Fourth in succession, the son of Cyrus ruled the host. Fifth in the list, Mardus came to power, a disgrace to his native land

775and to the ancient throne; but he was slain in his palace by the guile of noble Artaphrenes, with the help of friends whose duty this was. Sixth came Maraphis, and seventh Artaphrenes. And I in turn attained the lot I desired,

780and many a campaign I made with a valiant force; but disaster so dire as this I brought not upon the state. Yet Xerxes my son, youth that he is, has the mind of youth and does not remember my injunctions. Be sure of this, my age-mates:

785all of us who have held this sovereign power cannot be shown to have wrought ruin as great as this.

787CHORUS: What then, O king Darius? What is the intention of your words? How, after this reverse, may we, the people of Persia, best prosper in time to come?

790DARIUS: If you do not take the field against the Hellenes’ land, even if the forces of the Medes outnumber theirs. The land itself is their ally.

793CHORUS: What do you mean? In what way their ally?

Part 7

794DARIUS: It wastes with famine an enemy force which is too large.

795CHORUS: But we will dispatch a force of select and easily managed troops.

796DARIUS: Not even the host which now remains in Hellas will be able to return to safety.

798CHORUS: How is that? Will not the whole barbarian army cross from Europe over the Hellespont?

800DARIUS: Few indeed out of many, if it is right to put any faith in the oracles of Heaven, with regard to what has just been brought to pass; for they are fulfilled, not just some, while others fail. And if this is truth, it is through persuasion of vain hopes that he is leaving behind a body of picked troops.

805They are now lingering where the plain is watered by the stream of Asopus which nourishes Boeotia’s fields. Here they will meet their crowning disaster in requital for their presumptuous pride and impious thoughts. For, on reaching the land of Hellas,

810restrained by no religious awe, they ravaged the images of the gods and set fire to their temples. Altars have been destroyed, statues of the gods have been thrown from their bases in utter ruin and confusion. Therefore, since they wrought such evil, evil they suffer in no less measure; and other evils are still in store:

815the spring of their woes is not yet quenched, but it still wells forth. For so great will be the mass of clotted gore spilled by the Dorian lance upon Plataean soil that heaps of dead will reveal, even to the third generation, a voiceless record for the eyes of men

820that mortal man should not vaunt himself excessively. For presumptuous pride, when it has matured, bears as its fruit a crop of calamity, from which it reaps an abundant harvest of tears. Bear in mind that such are the penalties for deeds like these, and hold Athens and Hellas in your memory. Let no one of you,

825through disdain of present fortune and lust for more, squander his abundant wealth. Zeus, in truth, is a chastiser of overweening pride and corrects with heavy hand. Therefore, now that my son has been warned to be prudent by the voice of God,

830instruct him with admonitions of reason to cease from drawing the punishment of Heaven on himself by his vaunting rashness. And as for you, beloved and venerable mother of Xerxes, withdraw to the palace and bring from there clothing which is suitable for him, and prepare to meet your son. For

835through grief at his misfortunes, the embroidered apparel which he was wearing has been torn into tattered shreds. Soothe him with words of kindness; for it is to your voice alone, I know, that he will listen. As for me, I depart to the darkness beneath the earth.

840Farewell, Elders, and despite your troubles, rejoice while each day is yours; for wealth does not profit the dead at all. The ghost of Darius descends

843CHORUS: I grieve as I hear the many misfortunes that are now, and are yet to be, the lot of the barbarians.

845ATOSSA: O God! How much grief assails me! But most of all this sorrow wounds me, to hear of the shameful clothes which are now worn by my son. But I will depart, and when I have brought appropriate garments from the palace,

850I will make attempt to meet my son; for I will not forsake him whom I love so well in his affliction. Exit

852CHORUS: Oh yes, it was in truth a glorious and good life under civil government that we enjoyed so long as our aged

855and all-powerful king, who did no wrong and did not favor war, god-like Darius, ruled the realm.

858CHORUS: In the first place we showed to the world armies worthy of our fame, and civil institutions, like towers in strength,

860regulated all the state; and our return from war brought back our men, unworn and unsuffering, to happy homes.

864CHORUS: And what a number of cities he captured!—

865without crossing the stream of Halys or even stirring from his own hearth: such as the Acheloancities on the Strymonian sea which is located beside

870the Thracian settlements.

871CHORUS: And those outside the lake, the cities on the mainland, surrounded with a rampart, obeyed him as their king;

875those, too, that boast to be on both sides of the broad Hellespont and Propontis, deeply-recessed, and the outlet of Pontus.

879CHORUS: The sea-washed islands, also, off the projecting arm

880of the sea, lying close to this land of ours, such as Lesbos, and olive-planted Samos, Chios and Paros, Naxos, Mykonos,

885and Andros which lies adjacent to Tenos.

888CHORUS: And he held under his sway the sea-girt islands midway between the continents,

890Lemnos, and the settlement of Icarus, and Rhodes, and Cnidos, and the Cyprian cities Paphos, Soli, and Salamis,

895whose mother-city is now the cause of our lament.

898CHORUS: And the rich and populous cities of the Hellenes in the Ionian heritage

900he controlled by his own will; and at his command he had an unwearied strength of men-at-arms and of allies from every nation. But now,

905worsted completely in war through disasters on the sea, we endure this change of fortune no doubt from the hand of god.

909XERXES: Alas, wretched am I who have met this cruel doom

910which did not give the faintest sign of its coming! In what savage mood has Fortune trampled upon the Persian race? What misery is yet in store for me, unhappy wretch? The strength of my limbs is loosened as I look upon this aged group of citizens.

915Ah, Zeus,I wish that the doom of death had buried me, too, together with the men who have been laid low!

918CHORUS: Alas, my king, for our noble army, for the high honor of Persia’s rule,

920and for the splendor of the men now cut off by Fate! The land bewails her native youth, slaughtered for Xerxes, who has crowded Hades with Persian slain.

925Many warriors, masters of the bow, our country’s pride, a great multitude of men, have perished. Alas, alas, for our trusty defence! The land of Asia, the leading power of the earth,

930has piteously, yes piteously, been bowed to her knees.

932XERXES: Behold me, alas, a fitting subject for lamentation, born a source of ruin to my race and fatherland.

935CHORUS: As a greeting for your return home I will lift up an ill-omened cry of woe, the voice, versed in lamentation, of a Mariandynian mourner,

940a wail attended by many a tear.

941XERXES: Utter a strain of lamentation, plaintive and discordant. For Fortune has now veered and turned against me.

944CHORUS: I will indeed utter the song of lamentation

945in commemoration of your sufferings and of our strongly-manned ships, buffeted by waves; the plaintive strain of our land which mourns its sons. And I will cry aloud in lamentation, shedding many a tear.

Part 8

950XERXES: Yes, for the Ionian naval force, turning the tide of battle, swept them away, the Ionian host, ravaging the dark sea and the shore of doom.

955CHORUS: Woe! woe! cry aloud, learn about the whole disaster. Where is the rest of the multitude of your comrades? Where are those who stood by your side, such as Pharandaces, Susas, Pelagon, Dotamas, and

960Agdabatas, Psammis, and Susiscanes of Agbatana?

962XERXES: By the shores of Salamis, dashing against its rugged shore,

965I left them, fallen in death from a Tyrian ship.

967CHORUS: Woe! woe! cry aloud! Where is your beloved Pharnuchus, and the courageous Ariomardus? Where is prince Seualces,

970or Lilaeus of noble lineage, Memphis, Tharybis and Masistras, Artembares and Hystaechmas? This I ask you.

974XERXES: Woe, woe is me!

975They beheld ancient and hateful Athens and with one convulsive struggle (alas, alas !) poor wretches, they lie gasping on the shore.

978CHORUS: Did you really lose your trusty eyethere, that which

980counted tens upon tens of thousands of the Persians, Batanochus’ son Alpistus . . . son of Sesames, Megabates’ son, Parthos and mighty Oebares, did you leave these behind?

985Alas, alas, the unhappy men! You speak of woe, surpassing woe, for noble Persians.

988XERXES: In truth you stir yearning in me for my gallant comrades

990when you tell me of woe, surpassing woe, hateful and unforgettable. The heart within me cries out aloud for the wretched ones.

992CHORUS: And yet there are others too whom we miss: Xanthis, commander of a myriad Mardian men, and warlike Anchares,

995Diaexis, too, and Arsaces, captains of the horse, Cegdadatas and Lythimnas, and Tolmus, insatiate in war. I marvel,

1000that they do not follow behind around your wheeled tent.

1002XERXES: Gone are they who were leaders of the host.

1003CHORUS: Gone, alas, ingloriously.

1004XERXES: Alas, alas!

1005CHORUS: Alas, alas, you powers divine, you brought ruin upon us, unexpected, unmistakable to see, as is the glance of calamity.

1008XERXES: We have been stricken by misfortune such as will endure for ages.

1009CHORUS: We have been stricken; it is abundantly clear.

1010XERXES: By strange woe, strange woe!

1011CHORUS: It was with bad luck that we encountered Ionia’s mariners. Unfortunate in war, indeed, is Persia’s race.

1014XERXES: How true it is. In the loss of so great an army

1015I have indeed been dealt a blow, wretched as I am.

1016CHORUS: What that belonged to Persia, unfortunate one, has not been destroyed?

1017XERXES: Do you see this remnant of my royal robe?

1018CHORUS: Yes, I do indeed.

Part 9

1020XERXES: And this quiver—

1021CHORUS: What is this you say has been saved?

1022XERXES: Treasury for shafts?

1023CHORUS: Truly a small remnant from an ample store.

1024XERXES: We have been deprived of defenders.

1025CHORUS: Ionia’s people shrink not from the spear.

1026XERXES: They are a war-like people. I have lived to behold a calamity I never expected.

1028CHORUS: Are you speaking of the routed multitude which manned your ships?

1030XERXES: And I rent my robe at the disastrous event.

1031CHORUS: Alas, alas!

1032XERXES: No, far worse than alas.

1033CHORUS: Yes, for twofold and threefold—

1034XERXES: Pain to us, but exultation to our enemies

1035CHORUS: Yes, and our strength has been maimed.

1036XERXES: I am stripped of my escort.

1037CHORUS: By the disasters of your comrades upon the sea.

1038XERXES: Weep, weep over our calamity, and depart to your homes.

1039CHORUS: Alas, alas, woe, woe!

1040XERXES: Cry aloud now in response to me.

1041CHORUS: A wretched offering from the wretched to the wretched.

Part 10

1042XERXES: Cry out, tuning your strain to mine.

1043CHORUS: Oh, oh! That which has happened is grievous indeed.

1045Alas, for I too share in your sorrow.

1046XERXES: Strike, strike, and groan for my sake.

1047CHORUS: I weep in lamentation!

1048XERXES: Now cry aloud in response to me.

1049CHORUS: This care, my lord, is mine.

1050XERXES: Lift up your voice now in lamentation.

1051CHORUS: Oh, oh! And with our wailing, alas, will be mingled bruising blows and shrieks of pain.

1054XERXES: Beat your breast too, and raise the Mysian wail.

1055CHORUS: Anguish, anguish!

1056XERXES: And tear, I beg of you, the white hair from your beard.

1057CHORUS: With clenched nails, with clenched nails, with loud wailing.

1058XERXES: And utter shrill cries.

1059CHORUS: This too I will do.

1060XERXES: And with your fingers tear the robe which drapes you.

1061CHORUS: Anguish, anguish!

1062XERXES: Pluck out your locks, and lament our host.

1063CHORUS: With clenched nails, with clenched nails, with loud wailing.

1064XERXES: Let tears moisten your eyes.

1065CHORUS: I am drenched with tears.

Part 11

1066XERXES: Cry aloud now in response to me.

1067CHORUS: Alas, alas!

1068XERXES: With sounds of wailing go to your homes.

1070CHORUS: Alas, alas!

1071XERXES: Alas! through the city.

1072CHORUS: Alas, indeed!

1073XERXES: Pour forth your wails as you move along with soft steps.

1074CHORUS: Alas, alas, O Persian land, grievous now to walk upon!

1074bXERXES: Ah me!

1075Those that perished in three-tiered galleys, ah me!

1076CHORUS: I will escort you with dismal sounds of woe. Exeunt omnes

Part 1

1ETEOCLES: Men of Cadmus’s city, he who guards from the stern the concerns of the State and guides its helm with eyes untouched by sleep must speak to the point. For if we succeed, the responsibility is heaven’s;

5but if—may it not happen—disaster is our lot, Eteocles would be the one name shouted many times throughout the city in the citizens’ resounding uproars and laments. From these evils may Zeus the Defender, upholding his name, shield the city of the Cadmeans!

10But now you—both he who is still short of his youthful prime, and he who, though past his prime, still strengthens the abundant growth of his body, and every man still in his prime, as is fitting—you must aid the State and

15the altars of your homeland’s gods so that their honors may never be obliterated. You must aid, too, your children, and Mother Earth, your beloved nurse. For welcoming all the distress of your childhood, when you were young and crept upon her kind soil, she raised you to inhabit her and bear the shield,

20and to prove yourselves faithful in this time of need. And so, until today, God has been favorably inclined, for though we have long been under siege, the war has gone well for the most part through the gods’ will. But now, as the seer, the herdsman of birds, informs us,

25using his ears and his mind to understand with unerring skill the prophetic birds unaided by sacrificial fire—he, master of such prophecy, declares that the greatest Argive attack is being planned in night assembly and that they will make plans to capture our city.

30Hurry each of you to the battlements and the gates of our towered walls! Rush with all your armor! Fill the parapets and take your positions on the platforms of the towers. Stand your ground bravely where the gates open out,

35and do not be afraid of this crowd of foreigners. God will bring it to a good end. I myself have dispatched scouts and men to observe their army, and I am confident that their going is not in vain. Once I have heard their report, I will not be taken by any trickery.

39SCOUT: Eteocles, mighty prince of the Cadmeans,

40I have returned with a sure report of the army outside the walls; I myself am an eyewitness of their actions. Seven warriors, fierce regiment-commanders, slaughtered a bull over a black shield, and then touching the bull’s gore with their hands they swore an oath

45by Ares, by Enyo, and by Rout who delights in blood, that either they will level the city and sack the Cadmeans’ town by force, or will in death smear this soil with their blood. And on Adrastus’ chariot they were placing remembrances of themselves

50for their parents at home, and were shedding tears while so doing, but no piteous wailing escaped their lips. For their iron- hearted spirit heaved, blazing with courage, as of lions with war in their eyes. Your knowledge of these things was not delayed by fearfulness;

55for I left them casting lots to decide how each commander, his post assigned by chance, would lead his regiment against the gates. Therefore, choose the bravest men of the city and station them quickly at the outlets of the gates. For nearby already the Argive army in full armor

60is advancing in a flurry of dust, and glistening foam splatters the plain in drops from the horses’ pantings. So you, like the careful helmsman of a ship, secure the city before Ares’ blasts storm down upon it; for the wave of their army now crashes over the dry land.

65Seize the first opportune moment for doing this. For all else, I, on my part, will keep a reliable eye on the lookout, and you, by learning from my certain report what happens beyond the gates, shall remain unharmed. Exit.

69ETEOCLES: O Zeus and Earth, and gods that guard our city,

70and Curse, potent agent of my father’s vengeance, do not destroy my city, ripping it up from its foundations, captive of the enemy, a city that speaks in Greece’s tongue, and do not destroy our hearths and homes.

75May they never hold the free land and city of Cadmus beneath the yoke of slavery! Be our protection! I am certain that what I ask is in our common interest; for a State that prospers pays honors to its gods. Exit Eteocles, with citizens. The Chorus enters in fearful agitation.

78CHORUS: In terror I wail loud cries of sorrow. Their army is let loose! Leaving camp,

80—look!—the mounted throng floods swiftly ahead. The dust whirling in the air tells me this is so—its message is speechless, yet clear and true. And now the plains of my native land under the blows of hooves send a roar to my ears; the sound flies

85and rumbles like a resistless torrent crashing down a mountainside. Ah, ah, you gods and goddesses, raise your war cry over our walls to drive away the onrushing evil! The army of the white shield,

90ready for battle, rushes at full speed against the city. Who then will rescue us, which of the gods or goddesses will help? Or shall I fall in supplication at the feet

95of our ancestral gods’ statues? Ah, blessed gods, firmly enthroned, the time has come to hold fast to your statues. Why do we delay, who are much to be lamented?

100Do you hear the clash of shields, or does it escape you? When, if not now, shall we place sacred robes and wreaths on the statues to accompany our prayers? I see the clash—it is not the clatter of a single spear. What will you do? Will you betray

105your own land, Ares, where you have dwelt since long ago? God of the golden helmet, look, look upon the city that you once cherished!

109CHORUS: Oh come all you gods who guard our city and its land!

110See this suppliant band of maidens praying to be saved from slavery. A torrent of men, their helmet plumes tossing, crashes around the city,

115sped on by the blasts of Ares. No! Father Zeus, all-accomplishing, fend from us altogether capture at the hands of the enemy.

120The Argives encircle the citadel of Cadmus. Terror of their weapons of war shakes us, as the bridles in the horse’s jaws rattle the sound of death. Seven bold captains, conspicuous among the army

125in spear-wielding harnesses, at the seven gates [...] take their stand each according to his lot.

128CHORUS: Pallas, Zeus-born power delighting in battle, prove yourself the savior of the city!

130And you, lord of steeds, ruler of the deep, Poseidon, with your fish-striking weapon grant us release from our fears, grant us release!

135You too, Ares—pity us!—guard the city named for Cadmus and make evident your closeness to us!

140And Cypris, you who are the first mother of our race, defend us who are sprung from your blood. We come to you, crying out in prayers for your divine ears.

145And you, Apollo, lord of the Wolf, be a wolf to the enemy force and give them groan for groan! You too, maiden child of Leto, ready your bow!

149CHORUS: Ah! Ah!

150I hear the rattle of chariots encircling the town. O lady Hera! The hubs are creaking beneath the axles’ load. Beloved Artemis!

155The air rages at the shaking of spears! What is happening to our city? What will the future bring? And where does God finally lead us?

158CHORUS: Ah! Ah! A hail of stones strikes our battlements from afar. O beloved Apollo!

160There is the clang of bronze-bound shields at the gates. O son of Zeus, in whom dwells the sacred power to decide in battle war’s outcome! And you, blessed queen Onca, on behalf of the city,

165defend your seven- gated home!

166CHORUS: All-powerful divinities, you gods and goddesses who wield the power to guard the towers of our land, do not betray our city that now toils under the spear

170to an alien-tongued army. Hear us, hear, as is right, the prayers we maidens offer with outstretched hands.

174CHORUS: Beloved spirits,

175encompass the city to deliver it from ruin and show that you love it. Consider the people’s offerings, and as you consider, help us.

180Remember, I beg, our city’s worship, rich in sacrifice..

181ETEOCLES: You intolerable things! I ask you, is this the best way to save the city? Does it hearten our army here besieged,

185when you fall before the images of the gods that guard the city and shout and shriek—behavior that moderate people despise? May I never share my home with the female race, neither in time of evil nor in pleasant prosperity! When things go well for her, her boldness is unbearable,

190but when she is afraid, she is an even greater evil for home and city. So now your cries as you rushed here and there in panicked flight have rattled the citizens into dispirited cowardice. The cause of the enemy outside our gates is excellently strengthened by your behavior, while we inside are ruined by our own people.

195This is the sort of trouble you will have if you dwell with women. Now if anyone fails to obey my authority—whether man or woman or something in between—a sentence of death will be decreed for him and by no means whatsoever will he escape destruction by stoning at the people’s hands.

200It is for the man to take care of business outside the house; let no woman make decrees in those matters. Keep inside and do no harm! Do you hear me or not? Am I speaking to the deaf?

203CHORUS: Dear son of Oedipus, I grew afraid when I heard the clatter of the crashing chariots,

205when the hubs screamed as they whirled around the wheel, and when I heard the sound of the steering gear, fire-forged bits, in the horses’ mouths.

208ETEOCLES: Well, then, has a helmsman ever found a way to safety by fleeing from stern to prow,

210when his ship is foundering in high seas?

211CHORUS: But trusting in the gods I came in haste to their ancient statues, when the deadly blizzard of falling stones thundered against the gates. Just then I set out in fear to pray to the Blessed Ones

215that they spread their protection over the city.

216ETEOCLES: Pray that the rampart withstand the enemy spear. Yes, the outcome is in the gods’ hands—but then, it is said that the gods of a captured city abandon it.

219CHORUS: Never so long as I live may this divine assembly abandon us,

220nor may I live to see the city overrun and the army seizing it with hostile fire!

223ETEOCLES: When you invoke the gods, do not be ill-advised. For Obedience is

225the mother of Success, wife of Salvation—as the saying goes.

226CHORUS: So she is, but the power of god is supreme, and often in bad times it raises the helpless man out of harsh misery even when stormclouds are lowering over his eyes.

230ETEOCLES: It is the man’s duty to offer victims and sacrifices to the gods when they test their enemy; your duty is to be silent and to remain inside the house.

233CHORUS: By the will of the gods we inhabit an unconquered city, and the rampart withstands the enemy throng.

235What indignation makes you resent this?

Part 2

236ETEOCLES: I do not begrudge your honor of the divine race; but lest you make the citizens cowardly, be calm and do not be overly fearful.

239CHORUS: When I heard the strange and jumbled clashes,

240I came in trembling fear to this citadel, our seat of worship.

242ETEOCLES: If, then, you hear that men are dying or wounded, do not seize on the news with loud wailing. For this is the food of Ares, human blood.

245CHORUS: Oh, but I hear horses snorting!

246ETEOCLES: Hear them, then, but not too clearly.

247CHORUS: The city groans from deep in the earth, as though we are surrounded.

248ETEOCLES: Surely it is enough that I am making plans for this?

249CHORUS: I am terrified—the crashing at the gates is increasing.

250ETEOCLES: Won’t you be silent, and speak none of this throughout the city?

251CHORUS: Divine company, do not betray our fortifications!

252ETEOCLES: Damn you! Will you not endure these events in silence?

253CHORUS: Gods of our city! Do not let my fate be slavery!

254ETEOCLES: You would enslave both me and all the city.

255CHORUS: Almighty Zeus, turn your missile against the enemy!

256ETEOCLES: O Zeus, what a breed you have made for us in women!

257CHORUS: A breed steeped in misery, just like men whose city is captured.

258ETEOCLES: Why are your words ill-omened, when you still grasp the gods’ statues?

259CHORUS: In my weakness fear controls my tongue.

260ETEOCLES: If only you would grant my plea for a small service.

261CHORUS: Please state it as quickly as possible, and I will quickly know what to do.

Part 3

262ETEOCLES: Be silent, wretched woman; do not terrify your own men.

263CHORUS: I am silent. I will suffer what is destined together with the others.

264ETEOCLES: I welcome this sentiment of yours over what you said before.

265And in addition, keep your distance from the gods’ images and make a stronger prayer, that the gods fight on our side. And once you have heard my prayers, then sing the victory song, the sacred cry of joy and goodwill, our Greek ritual of shouting in tribute,

270that brings courage to our friends and dissolves fear of the enemy. And now Here Eteocles makes his vow. to the gods who guard our city’s land, both those who dwell in the plain and those who watch over its meeting-place, to Dirce’s springs and the waters of Ismenus, I vow that, if things go well and the city is saved,

275the citizens shall redden the gods’ altars with the blood of sheep and sacrifice bulls to the gods—this is my vow—and offer trophies, while I will crown their holy temples with the spoil of the enemy’s spear-pierced garments.

280Make this kind of prayer to the gods, without your previous lamentation, nor with wild and useless panting; for you will not escape your destiny any the more. As for me, I will go station six men, with me as the seventh, as champions to oppose the enemy in proud fashion

285at the seven exits in the wall, even before speedy messengers or swift-rushing reports arrive and inflame us with urgent need. Exit.

288CHORUS: I heed him, but through terror my heart finds no repose.

290Anxieties border upon my heart and kindle my fear of the army surrounding our walls, as a trembling dove fears for her children in the nest because of snakes that are dangerous bed-fellows.

295For against our fortifications some are advancing with all their men, all in formation. Ah, what will become of me? Others are hurling jagged boulders

300at the citizens on all sides. O Gods born of Zeus, by every means rescue our city and people, sprung from Cadmus!

304CHORUS: What more fertile plain will you find in place of ours,

305if you abandon to the enemy this deep-soiled land and the water of Dirce which is the most nourishing of the streams that earth-encircling Poseidon

310and Tethys’ children pour forth? Therefore, divine guardians of the city, hurl murderous destruction on the men outside our walls

315and panic that makes them throw away their weapons, and so win glory for these citizens. Defend the city and remain in possession of your home and throne

320in answer to our shrill, wailing prayers!

321CHORUS: It is a great cause for grief to hurl a primeval city to Hades in this way, quarry and slave of the spear, ravaged shamefully in the dusty ashes by an Argive man through divine will.

325And grief, too, to let the women be led away captive—ah me!—young and old, dragged by the hair, like horses, with their cloaks torn off them.

330A city, emptied, shouts out as the human booty perishes with mingled cries. A heavy fate, indeed, my fear anticipates.

333CHORUS: It is a lamentable thing that modest girls should be plucked unripe, before the customary rites, and should make

335a loathsome journey from their homes. What? I declare that the dead will do better than the captives; for when a city is subdued—ah, ah!—many and miserable are its sufferings.

340Man drags off man, or kills, or sets fires; the whole city is defiled with smoke. Mad Ares storms, subduing the people and polluting reverence.

345CHORUS: Tumults swell through the town, and against it a towering net is advancing. Man falls before man beneath the spear. Sobs and wails over gore-covered babes, just nursed at their mothers’ breasts,

350resound. Rape and pillage of those fleeing through the city are the deeds of one’s own blood. Plunderer joins up with plunderer; the empty-handed calls to the empty-handed, wishing to have a partner,

355each greedy for neither less nor equal share. Reason exists for imagining what will come after this.

357CHORUS: The earth’s varied fruits, fallen to the ground, give pain, a bitter sight for the maid-servants.

360In jumbled confusion the abundant gifts of earth are carried away by reckless looting waves. Young women, enslaved, suffer a new evil: a bed of misery, prize of the conquering enemy’s spear, as though of a prospering husband—

365they can expect the coming of the nightly rite, which gives aid to tears and anguish!

369LEADER OF THE FIRST HALF-CHORUS: The scout, I believe,

370is bringing some fresh news of the army to us, my friends, since the joints of his legs are hastily speeding as they carry him on his mission.

372LEADER OF THE SECOND HALF-CHORUS: And, indeed, here is our lord himself, the son of Oedipus, at the right moment to hear the messenger’s report. Haste makes his stride uneven, too.

375SCOUT: It is with certain knowledge that I will give my account of the enemy’s actions, how each man according to lot has been posted at the gates. Tydeus is already storming opposite the Proetid gates; but the seer will not allow him to ford the Ismenus because the omens from the sacrifices are not favorable.

380Yet Tydeus, raging and eager for battle, shouts like a serpent hissing at high noon, and lashes skilled Oecles’ son, with the taunt that he cringes in cowardice before death and battle. With such cries he shakes three overshadowing plumes,

385his helmet’s mane, while from under his shield, bells forged of bronze therein ring out a fearsome clang. He has this haughty symbol on his shield: a well-crafted sky, ablaze with stars, and the brightness of the full moon shining in the center of the shield,

390the moon that is the most revered of the stars, the eye of night. Raving so in his arrogant armor, he shouts beside the river-bank, craving battle, like some charger that fiercely champs at the bit as he waits in eagerness for the trumpet’s war-cry.

395Whom will you send against him? Who will be capable of standing as our champion at the Proetid gate when its bars are loosened?

397ETEOCLES: I would not tremble before any mere ornaments on a man. Nor can signs and symbols wound and kill—crests and bell have no bite without the spear.

400And regarding this "night" which you describe on his shield, sparkling with heaven’s stars—perhaps the folly of it might yield to one some prophetic understanding. For should night fall on this man’s eyes as he dies, then to its bearer this arrogant symbol

405would prove rightly and justly named; and it is against himself that he will have prophesied this outrageous violence. Now as for me, against Tydeus I will station the trusty son of Astacus as defender of this gate, since he is full noble and

410reveres the throne of Honor and detests proud speech. He is slow to act disgracefully, and he has no cowardly nature. His race springs from the men sown of the dragon’s teeth, from one of those whom Ares spared, and so Melanippus is truly born of our land. Ares will decide the outcome with a throw of the dice;

415but Justice, his kin by blood, indeed sends this man forth to keep the enemy spear from the mother that gave him birth. Exit Melanippus.

417CHORUS: May the gods grant success to our champion, since he rises up in a just cause, to battle for his city! But I shudder

420to watch the bloody deaths of men cut down for the sake of their own people.

422SCOUT: Yes, may the gods so grant success to this man. Capaneus is stationed at the Electran gates, another giant of a man, greater than the one described before.

425But his boast is too proud for a mere human, and he makes terrifying threats against our battlements—which, I hope, chance will not fulfil! For he says he will utterly destroy the city with god’s will or without it, and that not even conflict with Zeus, though it should fall before him in the plain, will stand in his way.

430The god’s lightning and thunderbolts he compares to midday heat. For his shield’s symbol he has a man without armor bearing fire, and the torch, his weapon, blazes in his hands; and in golden letters he says I will burn the city.

435Against such a man make your dispatch—who will meet him in combat, who will stand firm without trembling before his boasts?

437ETEOCLES: Here too gain follows with interest from gain. The tongue proves in the end to be an unerring accuser of men’s wicked thoughts.

440Capaneus makes his threats, ready to act, irreverent toward the gods, and giving his tongue full exercise in wicked glee, he, though a mere mortal, sends a loud and swollen boast to Zeus in heaven. But I trust that the fire-bearing thunderbolt will justly come to him,

445and when it comes it will not be anything like the sun’s mid-day heat. And against him, even though he is a big talker, a man of fiery spirit, mighty Polyphontes, is stationed, a dependable sentinel

450with the good will of guardian Artemis and the other gods. Now tell me about another one allotted to other gates! Exit Polyphontes.

452CHORUS: Death to him who exults so arrogantly over the city! May the thunderbolt stop him before he leaps into my home

455and plunders me from my maiden chambers with his outrageous spear!

457SCOUT: Now I will tell you about the man who next drew station at the gates. The third lot leaped out of the upturned bronze helmet for Eteoclus,

460to hurl his band against the Neistan gates. He whirls his horses as they snort through their bridles, eager to fall against the gate. Their muzzles whistle in a barbarian way, filled with the breath of their haughty nostrils.

465His shield is decorated in great style: an armored man climbs a ladder’s rungs to mount an enemy tower that he wants to destroy. This one, too, shouts in syllables of written letters that even Ares could not hurl him from the battlements.

470Send a dependable opponent against this man, too, to keep the yoke of slavery from our city.

472ETEOCLES: I would send this man here, and with good fortune. Exit Megareus. Indeed, he has already been sent, his only boast in his hands, Megareus, Creon’s seed, of the race of the sown- men.

475He will not withdraw from the gate in fear of the thunder of the horses’ furious snorting; but either he will die and pay the earth the full price of his nurture, or will capture two men and the city on the shield, and then adorn his father’s house with the spoils.

480Tell me about another’s boasts and do not begrudge me the full tale!

481CHORUS: O champion of my home, I pray that this man will have good fortune, and that there will be bad fortune for his enemies. As they boast too much against the city in their frenzied mind,

485so, too, may Zeus the Requiter look on them in anger!

Part 4

486SCOUT: Another, the fourth, has the gate near Onca Athena and takes his stand with a shout, Hippomedon, tremendous in form and figure. I shuddered in fear as he spun a huge disk—the circle of his shield, I mean—

490I cannot deny it. The symbol-maker who put the design on his shield was no lowly craftsman: the symbol is Typhon, spitting out of his fire-breathing mouth a dark, thick smoke, the darting sister of fire.

495And the rim of the hollow-bellied shield is fastened all around with snaky braids. The warrior himself has raised the war-cry and, inspired by Ares he raves for battle like a maenad, with a look to inspire fear. We must put up a good defense against the assault of such a man,

500for already Rout is boasting of victory at the gate.

501ETEOCLES: First Onca Pallas, who dwells near the city, close by the gate, and who loathes outrageousness in a man, will fend him off like a dangerous snake away from nestlings. Moreover, Hyperbius, Oenops’ trusty son,

505is chosen to match him, man to man, as he is eager to search out his fate in the crisis that chance has wrought—neither in form, nor spirit nor in the wielding of his arms does he bear reproach. Hermes has appropriately pitted them against each other. For the man is hostile to the man he faces in battle,

510and the gods on their shields also meet as enemies. The one has fire-breathing Typhon, while father Zeus stands upright on Hyperbius’ shield, his lightening bolt aflame in his hand. And no one yet has seen Zeus conquered.

515Such then is the favor of the divine powers: we are with the victors, they with the vanquished, if Zeus in fact proves stronger in battle than Typhon. And it is likely that the mortal adversaries will fare as do their gods; and so, in accordance with the symbol,

520Zeus will be a savior for Hyperbius since he resides on his shield. Exit Hyperbius.

521CHORUS: I am sure that Zeus’ antagonist, since he has on his shield the unloved form of an earth-born deity, an image hated by both mortals and the long-lived gods,

525will drop his head in death before the gate.

526SCOUT: Let it be so! Next I describe the fifth man who is stationed at the fifth, the Northern gate opposite the tomb of Amphion, Zeus’s son. He swears by his spear which, in his confidence, he holds more to be revered than a god

530and more precious than his eyes, that he will sack the city of the Cadmeans in spite of Zeus. He says this, the beautiful child of a mountain-bred mother—a warrior, half man, half boy, and his beard’s first growth is just now advancing on his cheeks,

535his youth in first bloom, thick, upspringing hair. But now he makes his advance with a savage heart and a terrifying look, not at all like the maidens he’s named for.Nor does he take his stand at the gate unboasting, but wields our city’s shame on his bronze-forged

540shield, his body’s circular defence, on which the Sphinx who eats men raw is cleverly fastened with bolts, her body embossed and gleaming. She carries under her a single Cadmean, so that against this man chiefly our missiles will be hurled.

545He does not seem to have come to do any petty trading in the battle, nor to shame the making of his long journey—he is Parthenopaeus of Arcadia. Such is the man, and aiming to make full payment for the fine support given him in Argos, his adopted land, he now threatens our fortifications—may God not fulfil his threats!

550ETEOCLES: If only they would get from the gods what they wish for, because of those unholy boasts of theirs, then surely they would perish in utter ruin and misery. There is a man for this one, too, whom you name an Arcadian, a man who does not boast, but who knows the thing to do—

555Actor, brother of him I named before. He will not allow words that lack deeds to overrun his gate and increase fear, nor will he let in a man who carries on his hostile shield the image of the ravenous, detested beast.

560That beast outside his shield will blame the man who carries her into the gate, when she has taken a heavy beating beneath the city’s walls. If the gods are willing, what I speak may prove true! Exit Actor.

563CHORUS: His words penetrate to my heart, my hair stands on end

565as I hear the loud threats of these loud-boasting, impious men. May the gods destroy them here in our land!

568SCOUT: The sixth man I will name is of the highest moderation and a seer brave in combat, mighty Amphiaraus.

570Stationed at the Homoloid gate, he repeatedly rebukes mighty Tydeus with evil names Murderer, maker of unrest in the city, principal teacher of evils to the Argives, summoner of vengeance’s Curse, servant of Slaughter, counselor to Adrastus in these evil plans. And next, with eyes looking upward, he addressed your own brother, mighty Polynices who shares your blood, and called him by name, dwelling twice upon its latter part. These were his words:

580Will such a deed as this be pleasing to the gods, fine to hear of and to relate to those in the future—that you sacked the city of your ancestors and your native gods and launched a foreign army against them? What justice is it to drain dry the font of your existence?

585And how shall your fatherland, captured by the spear for the sake of your ambition, be won over to your cause? As for me, I will enrich this earth, a seer interred beneath enemy soil. Let us fight! I anticipate no dishonorable death.

590So the seer spoke as untroubled he held his all-bronze shield. No symbol was fixed to his shield’s circle. For he does not wish to appear the bravest, but to be the bravest, as he harvests the fruit of his mind’s deep furrow, where his careful resolutions grow.

595I advise you to send wise and brave opponents against him. He who reveres the gods is to be feared.

597ETEOCLES: Ah, the pity of fate’s omen when it makes a just man associate with the irreverent! In all things, nothing is more evil

600than evil partnership. Its fruit should not be gathered in: the field of recklessness yields a harvest of death. For it may be that a pious man, embarked shipboard with sailors hot for some crime, perishes along with the sort of men hated by the gods;

605or, a man, though upright himself, when among fellow-citizens who hate all strangers and neglect the gods, may fall undeserving into the same trap as they, and be subdued, struck by the scourge of God that strikes all alike. Just so the seer, Oecles’ son,

610although a moderate, just, noble, reverent man and a great prophet, mixes with impious, rash-talking men against his own judgment, men stretching out in a procession that is long to retrace, and, if it is Zeus’s will, he will be be dragged down in ruin along with them.

615So then, I expect that he will not even charge the gates: not because he lacks courage or is weak-willed, but because he knows that he must meet his end in battle, if the prophecies of Loxias are to come to fruition—the god usually either holds silent or speaks to the point.

620Just the same, I will station a man against him, mighty Lasthenes, a gate-keeper who hates foreigners. He has the wisdom of an old man, but his body is at its prime: his eyes are quick, and he does not let his hand delay for his spear to seize what is left exposed by the shield.

625Still it is God’s gift when mortals succeed. Exit Lasthenes.

626CHORUS: Gods, hear our just prayers and fulfil them, that the city may have good fortune! Turn aside the evils suffered in war onto those who invade our land! May Zeus strike them

630with his thunderbolt outside the walls and slay them!

631SCOUT: Last I will tell of the seventh champion, him at the seventh gate, your own brother, and of what fate he prays for and calls down on the city. His prayer is that after he mounts the battlements and is proclaimed king in the land,

635and shouts the paian in triumph over its capture, he may then meet you in combat, and once he kills you, that he may perish at your side, or, if you survive, make you pay with banishment in the same way as you dishonored him with exile. Mighty Polynices shouts such threats and

640invokes his native gods, the gods of his fatherland, to watch over his prayers in every way. He holds a shield, a perfect circle, newly-made, with a double symbol cleverly fastened on it:

645a woman modestly walking in the fore leads a man in arms made, it appears, of hammered gold. She claims to be Justice, as the lettering indicates, I will bring this man back and he will have his city and move freely in his father’s halls. Such are the inventions fixed to their shields.

650Know that you will find no fault with me in the substance of my report, but you yourself determine on what course to pilot the city. Exit.

653ETEOCLES: O my family sired by Oedipus, steeped in tears,

655driven to madness by the gods and by the gods detested! Ah, now indeed our father’s curses are brought to fulfillment. But neither weeping nor wailing is proper for me now, lest a grief even harder to bear is brought to life. As for him whose name is so very fitting, Polynices, we shall know soon enough what the symbol on his shield will accomplish,

660whether the babbling letters shaped in gold on his shield, together with his mind’s wanderings, will bring him back. If Justice, Zeus’s maiden daughter, were attending his actions and his thoughts, this might be so. But as it is, neither when he escaped the darkness of his mother’s womb,

665nor in childhood, nor at any point in his early manhood, nor when the beard first thickened on his cheek, did Justice acknowledge him and consider him worthy. And even now I do not think that she is standing by his side to aid the destruction of his fatherland.

670Indeed, Justice would truly be false to her name, if she should ally herself with a man so utterly audacious in his plans. Trusting in this fact I will go and stand against him—I myself in person. Who else has a more just claim? Commander against commander, brother against brother,

675enemy against enemy, I will take my stand. Quick, bring my greaves to protect against spears and stones!

677CHORUS: No, son of Oedipus, most dear of our men, do not be like in temperament to him who is called by such an evil name. It is enough that Cadmeans

680are advancing to close combat with Argives. That bloodshed can be expiated. But when men of the same blood kill each other as you desire, the pollution from this act never grows old.

683ETEOCLES: If indeed a man should suffer evil, let it be without dishonor, since that is the only benefit for the dead.

685But you cannot speak of any glory for happenings that are at once evil and held in dishonor.

686CHORUS: For what are you so eager, child? Do not let mad lust for battle fill your soul and carry you away. Reject this evil passion while it is still young.

689ETEOCLES: Since God hastens the deed so urgently,

690let the whole race of Laius, hated by Phoebus, be swept on the wind to Cocytus’ destined flood!

692CHORUS: A savage desire eats away at you, drives you to murder, blood-sacrifice proscribed by divine law, whose only fruit is bitterness.

695ETEOCLES: True, my own beloved father’s hateful, ruinous curse hovers before my dry, unweeping eyes, and informs me of benefit preceding subsequent death.

698CHORUS: No, do not let yourself be driven to it. You will not be called a coward if you retain life nobly. Will not the avenging Erinys in her dark aegis

700leave your house, when the gods receive sacrifice from your hands?

702ETEOCLES: The gods, it seems, have already banished us from their care, yet they admire the grace we offer them when we perish. So then, why should we cringe and shy away from deadly fate?

705CHORUS: It is only at this moment that death stands close by you, for the divine spirit may change its purpose even after a long time and come on a gentler wind. But now it still seethes.

Part 5

709ETEOCLES: Yes, the curses of Oedipus have made it seethe in fury.

710Too true were the phantoms in my sleeping visions, predicting the division of our father’s wealth!

712CHORUS: Obey us women, although you do not like to.

713ETEOCLES: Recommend something that can be accomplished; your request need not be lengthy.

714CHORUS: Do not yourself take the road to the seventh gate!

715ETEOCLES: Let me assure you, you will not blunt my sharpened purpose with words.

716CHORUS: And yet any victory, even a cowardly one, is nonetheless held in honor by God.

717ETEOCLES: A soldier must not embrace that maxim.

718CHORUS: But are you willing to harvest the blood of your own brother?

719ETEOCLES: When it is the gods who give you evils, you cannot flee them. Exit.

720CHORUS: I shudder in terror at the goddess who lays ruin to homes, a goddess unlike other divinities, who is an unerring omen of evil to come. I shudder that the Erinys invoked by the father’s prayer will fulfil the over-wrathful

725curses that Oedipus spoke in madness. This strife that will destroy his sons drives the Erinys to fulfillment.

727CHORUS: A stranger distributes their inheritance, a Chalybian immigrant from Scythia, a bitter divider of wealth,

730savage-hearted iron that apportions land for them to dwell in, as much as they can occupy in death when they have lost their share in these wide plains.

734CHORUS: But when both have died, each killing

735the other in mutual slaughter, and the earth’s dust has swallowed the black streams of their blood, who could offer sacrifice that might make purification? Who could cleanse them of their pollution?

740O, the new troubles of this house mixed with its evils of before!

742CHORUS: Indeed I speak of the ancient transgression, now swift in its retribution. It remains even into the third generation,

745ever since Laius—in defiance of Apollo who, at his Pythian oracle at the earth’s center, said three times that the king would save his city if he died without offspring—

750CHORUS: Ever since he, overcome by the thoughtlessness of his longing, fathered his own death, the parricide Oedipus, who sowed his mother’s sacred field, where he was nurtured,

755and endured a bloody crop. Madness united the frenzied bridal pair.

758CHORUS: Now it is as if a sea of evils pushes its swell onward. As one wave sinks, the sea raises up another,

760triple-crested, which crashes around the city’s stern. In between a narrow defense stretches—no wider than a wall. I fear that the city will be overthrown along with its kings.

766CHORUS: For the compensation is heavy when curses uttered long ago are fulfilled, and once the deadly curse has come into existence, it does not pass away. When the fortune of seafaring merchants has grown too great,

770it must be thrown overboard.

772CHORUS: For whom have the gods and divinities that share their altar and the thronging assembly of men ever admired

775so much as they honored Oedipus then, when he removed that deadly, man-seizing plague from our land?

778CHORUS: But when, his sanity regained, he grew miserable in his wretched

780marriage, then carried away by his grief and with maddened heart he accomplished a double evil. With the hand that killed his father he struck out his eyes, which were dearer to him than his children.

785CHORUS: Next he launched brutal, wrathful words against the sons he had bred—ah! curses from a bitter tongue—that wielding iron in their hands they would one day divide his property.

790So now I tremble in fear that the swift-running Erinys will bring this to fulfillment.

792MESSENGER: Take heart, you daughters who were nurtured by your mother. Our city has escaped the yoke of slavery; the boasts of the powerful men have fallen to the ground.

795The city enjoys fair weather and has taken on no water even though it has been buffeted by many waves. The walls hold, and we have fortified the gates with champions fully capable in single-handed combat. For the most part all is well, at six of the gates.

800But lord Apollo, the reverend leader of the seventh, took for himself the seventh gate, accomplishing upon the children of Oedipus the ancient follies of Laius.

Part 6

803CHORUS: What novel happening will further affect the city?

804MESSENGER: The city is saved, but the kings born of the same seed—

805CHORUS: Who? What did you say? I am out of my mind with fear of your report.

806MESSENGER: Control yourself now and listen. The sons of Oedipus—

807CHORUS: Ah, miserable me, I am prophet of these evils.

808MESSENGER: In truth, beyond all question, struck down in the dust—

809CHORUS: Are they lying out there? This is hard to bear, but say it just the same.

810MESSENGER: The men are dead, murdered by their very own hands.

811CHORUS: Then with hands so fraternal did they each kill the other together?

812MESSENGER: Yes, so all too equal was their destiny to them both. All alone, in truth, it consumes the ill-fated family. We have cause in this for joy and tears—

815the one because the city fares well, the other because the leaders, the two generals, have divided the whole of their property with hammered Scythian steel. They will possess only that land they take in burial, swept away as they were in accordance with their father’s curses.

820Exit.

822CHORUS: O great Zeus and the divine powers that guard our city, you who indeed protect these walls of Cadmus,

825should I rejoice and shout in triumph for the unharmed safety of the city, or should I lament our leaders in war,

830now wretched, ill-fated and childless? Indeed, in exact accordance with their name and as men of much strife, they have perished through their impious intent.

833CHORUS: O black curse on the family, Oedipus’ curse, now brought to fulfillment! A chill of horror falls about my heart.

835In frenzy like a maenad I make my song for the grave as I hear of their corpses dripping with blood, how they died through the workings of cruel fate. This song of the spear, sung to the flute, is indeed born of an ill omen.

840CHORUS: The curseful utterance of their father has done its work and not fallen short. Laius’ plans, made in disobedience, have kept their force. I am anxious for our city; divine decrees do not lose their edge. The funeral procession with the bodies of the brothers comes into view.

845CHORUS: O bringers of immense grief, you have done in this a deed beyond belief, yet lamentable troubles have indeed come.

848The events are self-evident; the messenger’s report is plain to see. Twofold is our distress—double disaster

850of kindred murder, this double suffering has come to fulfillment. What shall I say? What else indeed than that sorrow born of sorrows surround this house’s hearth? But sail upon the wind of lamentation, my friends,

855and about your head row with your hands’ rapid stroke in conveyance of the dead, that stroke which always causes the sacred slack-sailed, black-clothed ship to pass over Acheron to the unseen land where Apollo does not walk,

860the sunless land that receives all men. But here come Antigone and Ismene to do their bitter duty, the dirge over their brothers both. With all sincerity, I think, will they

865pour forth their fitting grief from their lovely, deep-bosomed breasts. But it is right for us, before their singing, to cry out the awful hymn of the Erinys and thereafter

870sing the hated victory song of Hades. Ah, sisters most unfortunate in your kin of all women who clasp their girdle about their robes, I weep, I groan, and there is no feigning in the shrill cries that come straight from my heart.

875CHORUS: Ah, pity you senseless men, whom friends could not persuade and evils could not wear down! To your misery you have captured your father’s house with the spear.

879CHORUS: To their misery, indeed,

880they found a miserable death in the outrage done their house.

881Ah, you brothers who were poised to cast over the walls of your home and looked—to your sorrow—for sole rule, now you have been

885reconciled by the iron sword. The great Erinys of your father Oedipus has fulfilled it all truly.

888CHORUS: Pierced through your left sides, pierced indeed—

890through those sides that were born from one womb! Ah, strange ones! Ah, the curses that demand death for death!

895Right through, as you say, were they struck, with blows to house and body by an unspeakable wrath and by the doom, called down by their father’s curse, which they shared without discord.

900CHORUS: Groaning spreads throughout the city, too: the walls groan; the land that loves its sons groans. But for those who come after them there remains their property, on which account the strife

905of those terrible-fated men came to fulfillment in death. In their haste to anger they apportioned their property so that each has an equal share. To those who loved them their reconciler is not blameless,

910nor is Ares agreeable.

Part 7

911CHORUS: Under strokes of iron they are come to this, and under strokes of iron there await them—what, one might perhaps ask—shares in their father’s tomb.

915Our shrill, heart-rending wail goes with them—product of lamentation and pain felt of its own accord—a wail from a distressed mind, joyless, pouring forth tears from a heart

920that wastes away as I weep for these two princes.

922CHORUS: Over these poor men it can be said that they did much to harm our citizens and also the ranks of all the foreigners

925who died in abundance in the fighting. Ill-fated beyond all women who are called by the name of mother is she who bore them. After she made her own child her own husband,

930she gave birth to these sons, who have thus ended their lives with kindred hands giving death for death.

933CHORUS: Of the same seed, in truth, they were utterly destroyed in unloving divisions,

935in maddened discord, in the ending of their strife. Their hatred has ceased. Their life has been mingled in the blood-soaked earth. Now truly their blood is one.

940Ruthless is that which resolved their strife, the stranger from across the sea, sharpened iron rushed from the fire. Ruthless, too, was Ares, the cruel divider of their property, who made their father’s curses come true.

945CHORUS: They hold in misery their allotted portion of god-given sorrows. Beneath their corpses there will be boundless wealth of earth. Ah, you have wreathed

950your race with many troubles! In the final outcome the Curses have raised their piercing cry, now that the family is turned to flight in all directions. A trophy to Ruin now stands at the gate

955where they struck each other and where, having conquered them both, the divine power stayed its hand.

957ANTIGONE: You were struck as you struck.

957bISMENE: You died as you killed.

958ANTIGONE: By the spear you killed—

959ISMENE: By the spear you died—

960ANTIGONE: Your deed made you wretched.

961ISMENE: You suffering made you wretched.

962ANTIGONE: Let the lament come.

963ISMENE: Let the tears come.

964ANTIGONE: You are laid out for mourning—

965ISMENE: Though you did the killing.

966ANTIGONE: Ah me!

966bISMENE: Ah me!

967ANTIGONE: My heart is mad with wailing.

968ISMENE: My heart groans within me.

969ANTIGONE: Ah, the grief, brother all-lamentable.

970ISMENE: And you also, brother all-wretched.

Part 8

971ANTIGONE: You perished at the hands of your nearest and dearest.

972ISMENE: And you killed your nearest and dearest.

973ANTIGONE: Twofold to tell of—

974ISMENE: Twofold to look upon—

975ANTIGONE: Are these sorrows so close to those.

976ISMENE: Fraternal sorrows stand close by fraternal sorrows.

977CHORUS: O Fate, giver of grievous troubles, and awful shade of Oedipus, black Erinys, you are indeed a mighty force.

980ANTIGONE: Ah, me

980bISMENE: Ah, me

981ANTIGONE: Sorrows hard to behold—

982ISMENE: He showed me when he returned from exile.

983ANTIGONE: But he made no return after he had killed.

984ISMENE: He was saved, but lost his life.

985ANTIGONE: He lost it, all too truly.

986ISMENE: And took this one’s life away.

987ANTIGONE: Wretched family!

988ISMENE: Wretched suffering!

989ANTIGONE: Kindred sorrows full of groans!

990ISMENE: Sorrows steeped in tripled griefs.

991CHORUS: O Fate, giver of grievous troubles, and awful shade of Oedipus, black Erinys, you are indeed a mighty force.

Part 9

994ANTIGONE: Now you know of the Erinys by experience—

995ISMENE: And you are made aware no later—

996ANTIGONE: When you came back to our city,

997ISMENE: Yes, to face him with your spear.

998ANTIGONE: A tale of destruction!

999ISMENE: Destruction to look upon!

1000ANTIGONE: Oh, the grief—

1001ISMENE: Oh, the evils—

1002ANTIGONE: For home and land.

1003ISMENE: Above all for me,

1004ANTIGONE: And more also for me.

1005ISMENE: Ah I pity your grievous suffering, my king.

1006ANTIGONE: Pity for you both, most lamentable of all men.

1007ISMENE: You were possessed by delusion.

1008ANTIGONE: Where shall we lay them in the earth?

1009ISMENE: Ah, where their honor is greatest.

1010ANTIGONE: To lie beside their father, a cause for him of sorrow.

1011HERALD: It is my duty to announce the will and decrees of the council on behalf of the people of this our Cadmean city. It is decreed, first, that Eteocles here, on account of his goodwill towards the city, is to be buried in a kindly grave in its soil;

1015for hating the enemy he chose death in the city and driven by piety towards his ancestral shrines, he died without reproach where it is an honor for the young to die. This is how I was commanded to speak regarding him. But as for his brother, it is decreed that this corpse of Polyneices

1020is to be cast out of the city unburied to be torn by dogs, since he would have been the destroyer of the land of the Cadmeans, if one of the gods had not used his brother’s spear to prevent him. Even in death he will retain the stain of his guilt against his fathers’ gods, whom he dishonored

1025when he launched a foreign army against the city to take it. For this reason it is decreed that he will receive his reward by being buried without honor beneath the winged birds; and that no labor of the hands shall attend him by building up a burial mound nor shall anyone offer him reverence in shrill-sung laments.

1030He is to be refused the honor of being carried in funeral procession by his loved ones. Such is the decree of the Cadmean authorities.

1032ANTIGONE: I at least will say something to the rulers of the Cadmeans: even if no one else is willing to share in burying him, I will bury him alone and risk the peril

1035of burying my own brother. Nor am I ashamed to act in defiant opposition to the rulers of the city. A thing to be held in awe is the common womb from which we were born, of a wretched mother and unfortunate father. Therefore, my soul, willingly share his evils, even though they are unwilling,

1040and live in kindred spirit with the dead. No hollow-bellied wolves will tear his flesh—let no one decree that! Even though I am a woman, I will myself find the means to give him burial and a grave,

1045carrying the earth in the fold of my linen robe. With my own hands I will cover him over—let no one decree it otherwise. Take heart, I will have the means to do it.

1048HERALD: I forbid you to act thus in violation of the city.

Part 10

1049ANTIGONE: I forbid you to make useless proclamations to me.

1050HERALD: And yet a citizenry that has escaped evil can be harsh.

1051ANTIGONE: Let it be harsh! This man will not be unburied.

1052HERALD: What! Will you honor with burial a man whom the city detests?

1053ANTIGONE: For a long time now the gods have ceased to hold him in honor.

1054HERALD: No, he was honored until he put this land in jeopardy.

1055ANTIGONE: He suffered evil and gave evil in return.

1056HERALD: But this act was against all the citizens, not only one man.

1057ANTIGONE: Discord is the last of the gods to close an argument. I will bury him. Put an end to your big talk.

1058HERALD: Well then, follow your own rash plan, but I forbid it. Exit.

1059CHORUS: Ah, misery!

1060O Erinyes, far-famed destroyers of families, goddesses of death who have thus laid ruin to the family of Oedipus, digging it up from the roots! What will happen to me? What should I do? What plan shall I devise? How can I have the heart neither to weep for you

1065nor escort you to your tomb? But I am afraid and turn away in terror of the citizens. You, at least, Eteocles, will have many mourners, while he, wretched man, departs without lamentation

1070and has a dirge sung only by one sister. Now who could comply with that?

1072FIRST HALF-CHORUS: Let the city take action or not take action against those who lament for Polynices. We, at all events, will go and

1075bury him with her, following the funeral procession. For this grief is shared by all our race, and the city approves as just different things at different times.

1078SECOND HALF-CHORUS: We will go with this other corpse, as the city and justice, too, approves.

1080For after the blessed gods and powerful Zeus, he it was who saved the city of the Cadmeans from being capsized and flooded by a wave of foreign men—he beyond all others. Exeunt omnes.