Sophocles — The Seven Tragedies

Part 1

1ATHENA: Always, son of Laertes, have I observed you on the prowl to snatch some means of attack against your enemies. So now at the tent of Ajax by the ships where he has his post at the camp’s outer edge, I watch you

5for a long time as you hunt and scan his newly pressed tracks, in order to see whether he is inside or away. Your course leads you well to your goal, like that of a keen-scenting Laconian hound. For the man has just now gone in,

10with sweat dripping from his head and from his hands that have killed with the sword. There is no further need for you to peer inside these doors. Rather tell me what your goal is that you have shown such eagerness for, so that you may learn from her who holds the knowledge.

14ODYSSEUS: Voice of Athena, dearest to me of the gods,

15how clearly, though you are unseen, do I hear your call and snatch its meaning in my mind, just as I would the bronze tongue of the Tyrrhenian trumpet! And now you have discerned correctly that I am circling my path on the track of a man who hates me, Ajax the shield-bearer.

20It is he and no other that I have been tracking so long. For tonight he has done us a deed beyond comprehension—if he is indeed the doer. We know nothing for certain, but drift in doubt. And so I of my of accord took up the burden of this search.

25For we recently found all the cattle, our plunder, dead—yes, slaughtered by human hand—and with them the guardians of the flocks. Now, all men lay responsibility for this crime to him. And further, a scout who had seen him

30bounding alone over the plain with a newly-wet sword reported to me and declared what he saw. Then immediately I rush upon his track, and sometimes I follow his signs, but sometimes I am bewildered, and cannot read whose they are. Your arrival is timely, for truly in all matters, both those of the past

35and those of the future, it is your hand that steers me.

36ATHENA: I know it, Odysseus, and some time ago I came on the path as a lookout friendly to your hunt.

38ODYSSEUS: And so, dear mistress, do I toil to good effect?

39ATHENA: Know that that man is the doer of these deeds.

40ODYSSEUS: Then to what end did he thrust his hand so senselessly?

41ATHENA: He was mad with anger over the arms of Achilles.

42ODYSSEUS: Why, then, his onslaught upon the flocks?

43ATHENA: It was in your blood, he thought, that he was staining his hand.

44ODYSSEUS: Then was this a plot aimed against the Greeks?

45ATHENA: Yes, and he would have accomplished it, too, had I not been attentive.

46ODYSSEUS: And what reckless boldness was in his mind that he dared this?

47ATHENA: Under night’s cover he set out against you, by stealth and alone.

48ODYSSEUS: And did he get near us? Did he reach his goal?

49ATHENA: He was already at the double doors of the two generals.

50ODYSSEUS: How, then, did he restrain his hand when it was eager for murder?

51ATHENA: It was I who prevented him, by casting over his eyes oppressive notions of his fatal joy, and I who turned his fury aside on the flocks of sheep and the confused droves guarded by herdsmen, the spoil which you had not yet divided.

55Then he fell upon them and kept cutting out a slaughter of many horned beasts as he split their spines in a circle around him. At one time he thought that he was killing the two Atreidae, holding them in his very hand; at another time it was this commander, and at another that one which he attacked. And I, while the man ran about in diseased frenzy,

60I kept urging him on, kept hurling him into the snares of doom. Soon, when he rested from this toil, he bound together the living oxen along with with all the sheep and brought them home, as though his quarry were men, not well-horned cattle. And now he abuses them, bound together, in the house. But to you also will I show this madness openly, so that when you have seen it you may proclaim it to all the Argives. Be of good courage and stand your ground, and do not regard the man as a cause of disaster for you. I will turn away the beams of his eyes

70and keep them from landing on your face.

71You there, you who bind back your captive’s arms, I am calling you, come here! I am calling Ajax! Come out in front of the house!

74ODYSSEUS: What are you doing, Athena? Do not call him out.

75ATHENA: Hold your peace! Do not earn a reputation for cowardice!

76ODYSSEUS: No, by the gods, let it content you that he stay inside.

Part 2

77ATHENA: What is the danger? Was he not a man before?

78ODYSSEUS: Yes, a man hostile to me in the past, and especially now.

79ATHENA: And is not the sweetest mockery the mockery of enemies?

80ODYSSEUS: I am content that he stay within his tent.

81ATHENA: Do you fear to see a madman right before your eyes?

82ODYSSEUS: I would not shrink from him in fear, if he were sane.

83ATHENA: But he will not see you now, even though you stand nearby.

84ODYSSEUS: How could that be, if he still sees with the same eyes?

85ATHENA: I shall darken them, though their sight is keen.

86ODYSSEUS: It is true: all is possible when a god contrives.

87ATHENA: Stand silent, then, and stay where you are.

88ODYSSEUS: I must stay. But I would prefer to be far from here!

89ATHENA: You there, Ajax, once again I call you! Why do you show so little regard for your ally?

91AJAX: Welcome, Athena! Welcome, daughter sprung from Zeus! How well have you stood by me! I will crown you with trophies of pure gold in gratitude for this quarry!

94ATHENA: A fine pledge. But tell me this—have you dyed your sword well in the Greek army?

96AJAX: I can make that boast. I do not deny it.

97ATHENA: And have you launched your armed hand against the Atreidae?

98AJAX: Yes, so that never again will they dishonor Ajax.

99ATHENA: The men are dead, as I interpret your words.

100AJAX: Dead they are. Now let them rob me of my arms!

Part 3

101ATHENA: I see. And the son of Laertes, how does his fortune with respect to you? Has he escaped you?

103AJAX: That blasted fox! You ask me where he is?

104ATHENA: Yes, I do. I mean Odysseus, your adversary.

105AJAX: My most pleasing prisoner, mistress, he sits inside. I do not wish him to die just yet.

107ATHENA: Until you do what? Or win what greater advantage?

108AJAX: Until he be bound to a pillar beneath my roof—

109ATHENA: What evil, then, will you inflict on the poor man?

110AJAX: —and have his back crimsoned by the lash, before he dies.

111ATHENA: Do not abuse the poor man so cruelly!

112AJAX: In all else, Athena, I bid you take your pleasure, but he will pay this penalty and no other.

114ATHENA: Well, then, since it delights you to do so, put your arm to use; spare no portion of your plan.

116AJAX: I go to my work. And I give you this commission: be always for me the close-standing ally that you have been for me today!

118ATHENA: Do you see, Odysseus, how great is the strength of the gods? Whom could you have found more prudent than this man,

120or better able to do what the situation demanded?

121ODYSSEUS: I know of no one, but in his misery I pity him all the same, even though he hates me, because he is yoked beneath a ruinous delusion—I think of my own lot no less than his.

125For I see that all we who live are nothing more than phantoms or fleeting shadow.

127ATHENA: Therefore since you witness his fate, see that you yourself never utter an arrogant word against the gods, nor assume any swelling pride, if in the scales of fate you are weightier

130than another in strength of hand or in depth of ample wealth. For a day can press down all human things, and a day can raise them up. But the gods embrace men of sense and abhor the evil.

134CHORUS: Son of Telamon, you who hold

135your throne on wave-washed Salamis near the open sea, when your fortune is fair, I rejoice with you. But whenever the stroke of Zeus, or the raging rumor of the Danaans with the clamor of their evil tongues attacks you, then I shrink with great fear and shudder in terror,

140like the fluttering eye of the winged dove. Just so with the passing of the night loud tumults oppressed us to our dishonor, telling how you visited the meadow wild with horses and destroyed

145the cattle of the Greeks, their spoil, prizes of the spear which had not yet been shared, how you killed them with flashing iron. Such are the whispered slanders that Odysseus moulds and breathes into the ears of all,

150and he wins much belief. For now he tells tales concerning you that easily win belief, and each hearer rejoices with spiteful scorn at your burdens more than he who told. Point your shaft at a noble spirit,

155and you could not miss; but if a man were to speak such things against me, he would win no belief. It is on the powerful that envy creeps. Yet the small without the great are a teetering tower of defence.

160For the lowly stand most upright and prosperous when allied with the great, and the great when served by less. But foolish men cannot learn good precepts in these matters beforehand. It is men of this sort that subject you to tumult, and

165we lack the power to repel these charges without you, O King. For when they have escaped your eye, they chatter like flocking birds. But, terrified by a mighty vulture,

170perhaps, if you should appear, they would quickly cower without voice in silence.

172CHORUS: Was it Artemis ruler of bulls, Zeus’s daughter, that drove you, O powerful Rumor, O mother of my shame,

175drove you against the herds of all our people? Was she exacting retribution, perhaps, for a victory that had paid her no tribute, whether it was because she had been cheated of the glory of captured arms, or because a stag had been slain without gifts for recompense? Or can the bronze-cuirassed Lord of War

180have had some cause for anger arising out of an alliance of spears, and taken vengeance for the outrage by contrivance shrouded in night?

182CHORUS: For never of your own heart alone, son of Telamon, would you have gone so far down the sinister path

185as to fall upon the flocks. When the gods send madness, it cannot but reach its target, but may Zeus and Phoebus avert the evil rumor of the Greeks! And if it is the great kings who slander you with their furtive stories,

190or if it is he born of the abject line of Sisyphus, do not, my king, do not win me an evil name by keeping your face still hidden in the tent by the sea.

193CHORUS: Come now, up from your seat, wherever you are settled in this long-lived pause from battle

195and are making the flame of disaster blaze up to the sky! The violent insolence of your enemies rushes fearlessly about in the breezy glens, while the tongues of all the army cackle out a load of grief.

200For me, sorrow stands firmly planted.

201TECMESSA: Mates of the ship of Ajax, offspring of the race that springs from the Erechtheids, the soil’s sons, cries of grief are the portion of us who care from afar for the house of Telamon.

205Ajax, our terrible, mighty lord of untamed power, now lies plagued by a turbid storm of disease.

Part 4

208CHORUS: And what is the heavy change from the fortune of yesterday which this night has produced?

210Daughter of Teleutas the Phrygian, speak, since for you his spear-won mate bold Ajax maintains his love, so that with some knowledge you could suggest an explanation.

214TECMESSA: Oh, how am I to tell a tale too terrible for words?

215Grave as death is the suffering which you will hear. By madness our glorious Ajax was seized in the night, and he has been subjected to utter disgrace. All this you may see inside his dwelling—butchered victims bathed in blood,

220sacrifices of no hand but his.

221CHORUS: What report of the fiery warrior have you revealed to us, unbearable, nor yet escapable—

225a report which the great Danaans propound, which their powerful storytelling spreads! Ah, me, I shudder at the future’s advancing step. In public view the man will die

230because the dark sword in his frenzied hand massacred the herds and the horse-guiding herdsmen.

231TECMESSA: Ah! Then it was from there, from there that he came to me with his captive flock!

235Of part, he cut the throats on the floor inside; some, striking their sides, he tore asunder. Then he caught up two white-footed rams and sheared off the head of one and its tongue-tip, and flung them away;

240the other he bound upright to a pillar, and seizing a heavy strap from a horse’s harness he flogged it with a whistling, doubled lash, while he cursed it with awful imprecations which a god, and no mortal, had taught him.

245CHORUS: The time has come for each of us to veil his head and steal away on foot, or to sit and take on the swift yoke of rowing,

250giving her way to the sea-faring ship. So angry are the threats which the brother-kings, the sons of Atreus, speed against us! I fear to share in bitter death beneath an onslaught of stones,

255crushed at this man’s side, whom an untouchable fate holds in its grasp.

257TECMESSA: It grips him no longer. For like a southerly wind after it has started up sharply without bright lightning he grows calm. And now in his right mind he has new pain.

260To look on self-made suffering, when no other has had a hand in it—this induces sharp pains.

263CHORUS: But if he has stopped his madness, I have good hope that all may yet be well, since the trouble is of less account once it has passed.

265TECMESSA: And which, if the choice were given you, would you choose—to distress your friends, and have joy yourself, or to share the grief of friends who grieve?

268CHORUS: The twofold sorrow, lady, is certainly the greater evil.

269TECMESSA: Then we are ruined now, although the plague is past.

270CHORUS: What do you mean? I do not understand what you say.

271TECMESSA: That man, while afflicted, found joy for himself in the dire fantasies that held him, though his presence distressed us who were sane. But now, since he has had pause and rest from the plague,

275he has been utterly subjected to lowly anguish, and we similarly grieve no less than before. Surely, then, these are two sorrows, instead of one?

278CHORUS: Indeed, I agree, and so I fear that a blow sent by a god has hit him. How could it be otherwise, if his spirit is no lighter

280than when he was plagued, now that he is released?

281TECMESSA: This, you must know, is how matters stand.

282CHORUS: In what way did the plague first swoop down on him? Tell us who share your pain how it happened.

284TECMESSA: You will hear all that took place, since you are involved.

285In the dead of night when the evening lamps were no longer aflame, he seized a two-edged sword and wanted to leave on an aimless foray. Then I admonished him and said, What are you doing, Ajax? Why do you set out unsummoned on this expedition,

290neither called by messenger, nor warned by trumpet? In fact the whole army is sleeping now. But he answered me curtly with that trite jingle: Woman, silence graces woman. And I, taking his meaning, desisted, but he rushed out alone.

295What happened out there, I cannot tell. But he came in with his captives hobbled together—bulls, herding dogs, and his fleecy quarry. Some he beheaded; of some he cut the twisted throat or broke the spine; others

300he abused in their bonds as though they were men, though falling only upon cattle. At last he darted out through the door, and dragged up words to speak to some shadow—now against the Atreidae, now about Odysseus—with many a mocking boast of all the abuse that in vengeance he had fully repaid them during his raid.

305After that he rushed back again into the house, and somehow by slow, painful steps he regained his reason. And as he scanned the room full of his disastrous madness, he struck his head and howled; he fell down, a wreck amid the wrecked corpses of the slaughtered sheep, and there he sat

310with clenched nails tightly clutching his hair. At first, and for a long while, he sat without a sound. But then he threatened me with those dreadful threats, if I did not declare all that had happened, and he demanded to know what on earth was the business he found himself in.

315And in my fear, friends, I told him all that had been done, as far as I knew it for certain. But he immediately groaned mournful groans, such as I had never heard from him before. For he had always taught that such wailing

320was for cowardly and low-hearted men. He used to grieve quietly without the sound of loud weeping, but instead moaned low like a bull. And now, prostrate in such miserable fortune, tasting no food, no drink,

325the man sits idly where he has fallen in the middle of the iron-slain cattle. And plainly he plans to do something terrible. Somehow his words and his laments say as much. Ah, my friends—for it was my errand to ask you this—come in and help him, if in any way you can.

330Men of his kind can be won over by the words of friends.

331CHORUS: Tecmessa, daughter of Teleutas, terrible is your news that our lord has been possessed by his sorrows.

333AJAX: Oh! Ah, me! Ah, me!

334TECMESSA: Soon there will be more sorrow, it seems. Did you not hear

335Ajax, did you not hear his resounding howl?

336AJAX: Oh! Ah, me! Ah, me!

Part 5

337CHORUS: The man seems to be sick, or else to be still pained by the disease which was recently with him, since he sees its traces.

339AJAX: Oh my son, my son!

340TECMESSA: Ah, miserable me! Eurysaces, it is for you he calls! What can his purpose be? Where are you? I am miserable!

342AJAX: Teucer! Where is Teucer? Will his raid last for ever? While I perish?

344CHORUS: He seems to be sane—open the door!

345Perhaps merely at the sight of me he will come to a more respectable mood.

346TECMESSA: There, it is open. Now you can look on this man’s deeds, and his true condition.

348AJAX: Ah, good sailors, you alone of my friends

350who alone still abide by the true bond of friendship, see how great a wave has just now crested over and broken around me, set on by a murderous storm!

354CHORUS: Ah, lady, too true, it seems, was your testimony!

355The fact proves that he is not sane.

356AJAX: Ah, you clan staunch in maritime skill, who embarked and stroked the oar-blade upon the brine, in you, in you alone

360I see a defense against suffering. Come, slay me on top of these!

362CHORUS: Hush! Speak words of better omen! Do not cure evil by prescribing evil; do not increase the anguish of your mad disaster.

364AJAX: Do you see the bold, the strong of heart,

365the dauntless in battles with the enemy—do you see me now, terrible in the force of my hands against beasts unformidable? Oh, the mockery! How I have been violated!

368TECMESSA: Ajax, my lord, I beg you, do not talk this way!

369AJAX: Away with you! Will you not take yourself outside!

370Ah, me! Ah, me!

371CHORUS: By the gods I plead, give way and acquire good sense!

372AJAX: My rotten fortune!—I let slip from my grasp those men who were begging for punishment,

375and fell instead on cattle with twisted horns and fine goats, making their dark blood flow!

377CHORUS: Why grieve when the deed is past recall? These things can never be but as they are.

379AJAX: Ah, you who spy out all things,

380you ready tool of every crime, ah, son of Laertes, you filthiest sneak in all the army, I am sure you laugh loud and long for joy!

383CHORUS: It is at the god’s dispensation that every man both laughs and mourns.

384AJAX: Yet if only I could see him, even shattered as I am!

385Oh! Oh!

386CHORUS: Make no big threats! Do you not see the trouble you are in?

Part 6

387AJAX: O Zeus, forefather of my forebears, if only I might destroy that deep dissembler, that hateful sneak, and

390the two brother-kings, and finally die myself, also!

392TECMESSA: When you make that prayer, pray at the same time for me that I, too, may die. What reason is there for me to live when you are dead?

394AJAX: Ah, Darkness, my light!

395O Gloom of the underworld, to my eyes brightest-shining, take me, take me to dwell with you—yes, take me. I am no longer worthy to look for help to the race of the gods,

400or for any good from men, creatures of a day. No, the daughter of Zeus, the valiant goddess, abuses me to my destruction. Where, then, can a man flee? Where can I go to find rest?

405If my past achievements go to ruin, my friends, along with such victims as these near me, and if I am inclined to foolish plunderings, then with sword driven by both hands all the army would murder me!

410TECMESSA: Ah, what misery for me that a valuable man should speak words of a sort which he would never before now have endured to speak!

412AJAX: Ah! You paths of the sounding sea, you tidal caves and wooded pastures by the shore, long, long, too long indeed

415have you detained me here at Troy. But no more will you hold me, no more so long as I have the breath of life. Of that much let sane men be sure. O neighboring streams of Scamander,

420kindly to the Greeks, no more shall you look on Ajax, whose equal in the army—here I will boast—

425Troy has never seen come from the land of Hellas. But now deprived of honor I lie low here in the dust!

428CHORUS: In truth I do not know how to restrain you, nor how to let you speak further, when you have fallen on such harsh troubles.

430AJAX: Aiai! Who would ever have thought that my name would so descriptively suit my troubles? For well now may Ajax cry Aiai—yes, twice and three times. Such are the harsh troubles with which I have met. Look, I am one whose father’s

435prowess won him the fairest prize of all the army, whose father brought every glory home from this same land of Ida; but I, his son, who came after him to this same ground of Troy with no less might and proved the service of my hand in no meaner deeds,

440I am ruined as you see by dishonor from the Greeks. And yet of this much I feel sure: if Achilles lived, and had been called to award the first place in valor to any claimant of his arms, no one would have grasped them before me.

445But now the Atreidae have made away with them to a man without scruples and thrust away the triumphs of Ajax. And if these eyes and this warped mind had not swerved from the purpose that was mine, they would have never in this way procured votes in judgment against another man.

450As it was, the daughter of Zeus, the grim-eyed, unconquerable goddess, tripped me up at the instant when I was readying my hand against them, and shot me with a plague of frenzy so that I might bloody my hands in these grazers. And those men exult to have escaped me—

455not that I wanted their escape. But if a god sends harm, it is true that even the base man can elude the worthier. And now what shall I do, when I am plainly hated by the gods, abhorred by the Greek forces and detested by all Troy and all these plains?

460Shall I leave my station at the ships and the Atreidae to their own devices in order to go home across the Aegean? And how shall I face my father Telamon, when I arrive? How will he bear to look on me, when I stand before him stripped, without that supreme prize of valor

465for which he himself won a great crown of fame? No, I could not bear to do it! But then shall I go against the bulwark of the Trojans, attacking alone in single combats and doing some valuable service, and finally die? But, in so doing I might, I think, gladden the Atreidae.

470That must not happen. Some enterprise must be sought whereby I may prove to my aged father that in nature, at least, his son is not gutless. It is a stain upon a man to crave the full term of life, when he finds no variation from his ignominious troubles.

475What joy is there in day following day, now advancing us towards, now drawing us back from the verge of death? I would not buy at any price the man who feels the glow of empty hopes.

480The options for a noble man are only two: either live with honor, or make a quick and honorable death. You have heard all.

481CHORUS: No man shall say that you have spoken a bastard word, Ajax, or one not bred of your own heart. Yet at least pause; dismiss these thoughts, and grant friends the power to rule your purpose.

485TECMESSA: Ajax, my lord, the fortune that humans are compelled to endure is their gravest evil. I was the daughter of a free-born father mighty in wealth, if any Phrygian was. Now I am a slave, for somehow the gods so ordained,

490and even more so did your strong hand. Therefore, since I have come into your bed, I wish you well, and I do beg you, by the Zeus of our hearth, by your marriage-bed in which you coupled with me, do not condemn me to the cruel talk

495of your enemies, do not leave me to the hand of a stranger! On whatever day you die and widow me by your death, on that same day, be sure, I shall also be seized forcibly by the Greeks and, with your son, shall obtain a slave’s portion.

500Then one of my masters will name me bitterly, shooting me with taunts: See the concubine of Ajax, who was the mightiest man in the army. See what menial tasks she tends to, in place of such an enviable existence! Such things will men say, and so will destiny afflict me

505while the shame of these words will stain you and your family. Show respect to your father, whom you abandon in miserable old age, and respect your mother with her share of many years, who often prays to the gods that you may come home alive.

510Pity, too, my king, your son. Pity him the great sorrow which at your death you will bequeath both to him and to me, if robbed of nurturing care he must spend his days apart from you, an orphan tended by guardians who are neither family nor friends. I have nothing left to which I can look,

515save you, and you are the reason. Your spear ravaged my country to nothingness, and another fate has brought down my mother and father, giving them a home in Hades in their death. What homeland, then, could I have without you? What wealth? My welfare is entirely in your hands.

520So remember me, too. A true man should cherish remembrance, if anywhere he takes some pleasure. It is kindness that always begets kindness. But whoever lets the memory of benefits seep from him, he can no longer be a noble man.

525CHORUS: Ajax, I wish that pity touched your heart as it does mine. Then you would approve her words.

527AJAX: She will have approval as far as I am concerned, if only she takes heart and graciously does my bidding.

529TECMESSA: Dear Ajax, I will obey you in everything.

530AJAX: Then bring me my son, so that I may see him.

531TECMESSA: But in my fear I released him from my keeping.

532AJAX: Because of these troubles of mine? Or what do you mean?

533TECMESSA: Yes, for fear that somehow the poor child would get in your way, and die.

534AJAX: Yes, that would have been truly worthy of my destiny.

535TECMESSA: Well, at least I took care to avert that disaster.

536AJAX: I approve of your action and of your foresight.

537TECMESSA: How, then, can I serve you, as things stand now?

Part 7

538AJAX: Let me speak to him and see him face to face.

539TECMESSA: Oh, yes—he is close by, watched by our servants.

540AJAX: Then why is his presence delayed?

541TECMESSA: My child, your father calls you. Bring him here, servant, whichever of you is guiding his steps.

543AJAX: Is the man coming? Or has he missed your call?

544TECMESSA: Here now one of the servants approaches with him.

545AJAX: Lift him; lift him up here. Doubtless he will not shrink to look on this newly-shed blood, if he is indeed my true-born son and heir to his father’s manners. But he must at once be broken into his father’s harsh ways and moulded to the likeness of my nature.

550Ah, son, may you prove luckier than your father, but in all else like him. Then you would not prove base. Yet even now I may well envy you on this account, that you have no perception of these evils about us. Yes, life is sweetest when one lacks sense,

555that is, until one learns to know joy or pain. But when you come to that knowledge, then you must be sure to prove among your father’s enemies of what mettle and of what lineage you are. Meanwhile feed on light breezes, and nurse your tender life for your mother’s joy.

560There is no Greek—I know it for certain—who will do violence to you with hard outrages, even when you are without me. So trusty is the guard, Teucer himself, whom I will leave at your gates. He will not falter in his care for you, although now he walks a far path, busied with the hunt of enemies.

565O my warriors, my seafaring comrades! On you as on him, I lay this shared task of love: give my command to Teucer! Let him take this child to my home and set him before the face of Telamon, and of my mother, Eriboea,

570so that he may become the comfort of their age into eternity . And order him that no commissioners of games, nor he who is my destroyer, should make my arms a prize for the Greeks. No, you take this for my sake, Son, my broad shield from which you have your name.

575Hold it and wield it by the sturdy thong, this sevenfold, spear-proof shield! But the rest of my arms shall be my gravemates.

578Come, take the child right away, shut tight the doors and make no laments before the house.

580God, what a weepy thing is woman. Quick, close the house! It is not for a skilful doctor to moan incantations over a wound that craves the knife.

583CHORUS: I am afraid when I hear this eager haste. Your tongue’s sharp edge does not please me.

585TECMESSA: Ajax, my lord, what can you have in mind?

586AJAX: Do not keep asking me, do not keep questioning. Self-restraint is a virtue.

587TECMESSA: Ah, how I despair! Now, by your child, by the gods, I implore you, do not betray us!

589AJAX: You annoy me too much. Do you not know

590that I no longer owe any service to the gods?

591TECMESSA: Hush, no impiety!

591aAJAX: Speak to those who hear.

592TECMESSA: You will not listen?

592aAJAX: Already your words have been too many.

593TECMESSA: Yes, because I am afraid, my king!

593aAJAX: Close the doors this instant!

594TECMESSA: In the name of the gods, be softened!

594aAJAX: You have foolish hope, I think,

595if you plan so late to begin schooling my temper.

Part 8

596CHORUS: O famous Salamis, you, I know, have your happy seat among the waves that beat your shore, eternally conspicuous in the eyes of all men.

600But I, miserable, have long been delayed here, still making my bed through countless months in the camp on the fields of Ida.

605I am worn by time and with anxious expectation still of a journey to Hades the abhorred, the unseen.

609CHORUS: And now a new struggle awaits me, ah, me!—a match with

610Ajax, hard to cure, sharing his tent with a madness of divine origin. It is he whom mighty in bold war you dispatched from you once far in the past. But now he is changed; he grazes his thoughts in isolated places

615and has been found a heavy sorrow for his friends. His hands’ former achievements, deeds of prowess supreme,

620have fallen without friends, without friends, before the unfriendly, miserable Atreidae.

622CHORUS: Surely his mother, companion of antiquity and

625grey with age, when she hears that he has been afflicted with the ruin of his mind will raise a loud cry of wailing. It is not the nightingale’s piteous lament

630that she, unhappy, will sing. Rather in shrill-toned odes the dirge will rise, while the hollow sound of beating hands and the shredding of grey hair will fall upon her breast.

635CHORUS: Yes, better hid in Hades is the man plagued by foolishness, who by the lineage from where he springs is noblest of the enduring Achaeans, yet now is

640constant no more in his inbred temperament, but wanders outside himself. O Telamon, unhappy father, how heavy a curse upon your son awaits your hearing, a curse which never yet has

645any life-portion of the heirs of Aeacus nourished but his!

646AJAX: All things the long and countless years first draw from darkness, and then bury from light; and there is nothing which man should not expect: the dread power of oath is conquered, as is unyielding will.

650For even I, who used to be so tremendously strong—yes, like tempered iron—felt my tongue’s sharp edge emasculated by this woman’s words, and I feel the pity of leaving her a widow and the boy an orphan among my enemies. But I will go to the bathing-place and

655the meadows by the shore so that by purging my defilements I may escape the heavy anger of the goddess. Then I will find some isolated spot, and bury this sword of mine, most hateful weapon, digging down in the earth where none can see.

660Let Night and Hades keep it underground! For ever since I took into my hand this gift from Hector, my greatest enemy, I have gotten no good from the Greeks. Yes, men’s proverb is true:

665the gifts of enemies are no gifts and bring no good. And so hereafter I shall, first, know how to yield to the gods, and, second, learn to revere the Atreidae. They are rulers, so we must submit. How could it be otherwise? Things of awe and might

670submit to authority. So it is that winter with its snow-covered paths gives place to fruitful summer; night’s dark orbit makes room for day with her white horses to kindle her radiance; the blast of dreadful winds

675allows the groaning sea to rest; and among them all, almighty Sleep releases the fettered sleeper, and does not hold him in a perpetual grasp. And we men—must we not learn self-restraint? I, at least, will learn it, since I am newly aware that an enemy is to be hated only as far as

680suits one who will in turn become a friend. Similarly to a friend I would wish to give only so much help and service as suits him who will not forever remain friendly. For the masses regard the haven of comradeship as treacherous. But concerning these things it will be well. You, wife,

685go inside and pray to the gods that the desires of my heart be completed to the very end. Exit Tecmessa. You also, my comrades, honor my wishes just as she does, and command Teucer, when he comes, to take care of us, and to be kind to you at the same time.

690I am going to where my journey inexorably leads. But you do as I say, and before long, perhaps, though I now suffer, you will hear that I have found rest and peace.

693CHORUS: I shiver with rapture; I soar on the wings of sudden joy!

695O Pan, O Pan, appear to us, sea-rover, from the stony ridge of snow-beaten Cyllene. King, dancemaker for the gods, come, so that joining with us you may set on the Nysian and the Cnosian steps,

700your self-taught dances. Now I want to dance. And may Apollo, lord of Delos, step over the Icarian sea

705and join me in his divine form, in eternal benevolence!

707CHORUS: Ares has dispelled the cloud of fierce trouble from our eyes. Joy, joy! Now, Zeus, now can the white radiance of prosperous days approach

710our swift, sea-speeding ships, since Ajax forgets his pain anew, and has instead fully performed all prescribed sacrifices to the gods with worship and strict observance. The strong years make all things fade.

715And so I would not say that anything was beyond belief, when beyond our hopes, Ajax has been converted from his fury and mighty struggles against the Atreidae.

719MESSENGER: Friends, my first news is this:

720Teucer has just now returned from the Mysian heights. He has come to the generals’ quarters mid-camp, and is being shouted at by all the Greeks at once. Recognizing him from a distance as he approached, they gathered around him

725and then pelted him with jeers from every side—no one held back—calling him the brother of the maniac, of the plotter against the army, and saying that he would not be able to avoid entirely losing flesh and life before their flying stones. In this way they had come to the point where swords

730had been plucked from sheaths and were drawn in their hands. But then the conflict, when it had nearly run its full course, was halted by the conciliatory words of the elders. But where shall I find Ajax, to tell him this? To our lord I must tell all.

735CHORUS: He is not inside, but is recently departed. He has yoked a new purpose to his new mood.

737MESSENGER: No! Oh, no! Too late, then, was he who sent me on this errand, or I myself came too slowly.

740CHORUS: What is this urgent matter? What part of it has been neglected?

741MESSENGER: Teucer declared that Ajax should not slip out of the house, until he himself arrives.

743CHORUS: Well, he is departed, I repeat, bent on the purpose that is best for him—to be rid of his anger at the gods.

745MESSENGER: These words betray great foolishness, if there is any wisdom in the prophecies of Calchas.

747CHORUS: What does he prophesy? What knowledge of this affair do you bring?

748MESSENGER: This much I know and witnessed on the spot. Leaving the royal circle of the chiefs who sat in council,

750Calchas separated himself from the Atreidae and put his right hand with all kindness into the hand of Teucer. The prophet then addressed him and strictly commanded him to use every possible resource to keep Ajax inside his tent for the duration of this day that now shines on us, and to prevent him from moving about

755if he wished ever to look on him alive. For this day alone will the anger of divine Athena lash at him. That was the prophet’s warning. Yes, the seer went on to explain, lives that have grown too proud and no longer yield good fall on grave difficulties sent from the gods,

760especially when someone born to man’s estate forgets that fact by thinking thoughts too high for man. And Ajax, even at the time he first set out from home, showed himself foolish, when his father advised him well. For Telamon told him, My son, seek victory in arms, but always seek it with the help of god. Then with a tall boast and foolishly he replied, Father, with the help of the gods even a worthless man might achieve victory; but I, even without that help, fully trust to bring that glory within my grasp.

770So much he boasted. Then once again in answer to divine Athena—at a time when she was urging him forward and telling him to turn a deadly hand against the enemy—he answered her with words terrible and blasphemous, Queen, stand beside the other Greeks; where Ajax stands, battle will never break our line. It was by such words, you must know, that he won for himself the intolerable anger of the goddess since his thoughts were too high for man. But if he survives this day, perhaps with the god’s help we may find means to save him.

780With those words the seer finished, and at once Teucer rose from his seat and sent me with these orders for you to follow. But if I have been cheated of success, Ajax does not live. Otherwise Calchas has no skill.

784CHORUS: Poor Tecmessa, born to misery,

785come out and see this man and his news. The razor lies close at our throat, poised to cut off all joy.

787TECMESSA: Why do you stir me from my place of rest, when I have just found peace from those relentless troubles?

789CHORUS: Listen to this man, and

790hear the news of Ajax that he has brought us—news at which I felt sudden grief.

791TECMESSA: Oh, no, what is your news, man? Surely we are not ruined?

Part 9

792MESSENGER: I have no clue of your condition, but know only that, if Ajax is away, I have little hope for him.

794TECMESSA: But he is away, so I am in agony to know what you mean.

795MESSENGER: Teucer strictly commands that you keep Ajax under shelter of his tent and not allow him to go out alone.

797TECMESSA: But where is Teucer? And why these orders?

798MESSENGER: He has just now returned, and he suspects that such a departure carries death for Ajax.

800TECMESSA: Oh, misery! From whom can he have learned this?

801MESSENGER: From Thestor’s son, the prophet. His prophecy applies to today, when the issue is one of life or death for Ajax.

803TECMESSA: Ah, me! My friends, protect me from the doom threatened by fate! Hurry, some of you, to speed Teucer’s coming;

805let others go to the westward bays, and others to the eastward, and there seek the man’s disastrous path. I see now that I have been deceived by my husband and cast out of the favor that I once had with him. Ah, my child, what shall I do? I must not sit idle.

810I too will go as far as my strength will carry me. Move, let us be quick, this is no time to sit still, if we wish to save a man who is eager for death.

813CHORUS: I am ready to help, and I will show it in more than word. Speed of action and speed of foot will follow together.

815AJAX: The sacrificial killer stands planted in the way that will cut most deeply—if I have the leisure for even this much reflection. First, it is the gift of Hector, that enemy-friend who was most hateful to me and most hostile to my sight; next, it is fixed in enemy soil, the land of Troy,

820newly-whetted on the iron-devouring stone; and finally I have planted it with scrupulous care, so that it should prove most kind to me by a speedy death. Yes, we are well equipped. And so, O Zeus, be the first to aid me, as is proper.

825It is no large prize that I ask you to award me. Send on my behalf some messenger with news of my downfall to Teucer, so that he may be the first to raise me once I have fallen on this sword and made it newly-wet, and so that I am not first spotted by some enemy

830and cast out and exposed as prey to the dogs and birds. For this much, Zeus, I appeal to you. I call also on Hermes, guide to the underworld, to lay me softly to sleep with one quick, struggle-free leap, when I have broken open my side on this sword.

835And I call for help to the eternal maidens who eternally attend to all sufferings among mortals, the dread, far-striding Erinyes, asking them to learn how my miserable life is destroyed by the Atreidae.

840And may they seize those wicked men with most wicked destruction, just as they see me . Come, you swift and punishing Erinyes, devour all the assembled army and spare nothing!

845And you, Helios, whose chariot-wheels climb the steep sky, when you see the land of my fathers, draw in your rein spread with gold and tell my disasters and my fate to my aged father and to the unhappy woman who nursed me.

850Poor mother! Indeed, I think, when she hears this news, she will sing a song of loud wailing throughout the entire city. But it is not for me to weep in vain like this. No, the deed must quickly have its beginning. O Death, Death, come now and lay your eyes on me!

855And yet I will meet you also in that other world and there address you. But you, beam of the present bright day, I salute you and the Sun in his chariot for the last time and never again. O light! O sacred soil

860of my own Salamis, firm seat of my father’s hearth! O famous Athens, and your race kindred to mine! And you, springs and rivers of this land—and you plains of Troy I salute you also—farewell, you who have nurtured me! This is the last word that Ajax speaks to you.

865The rest he will tell to the shades in Hades.

866FIRST SEMICHORUS: Toil follows toil yielding toil! Where, where have I not trudged? And still no place can say that I have shared its secret.

870Listen! A sudden thud!

872SECOND SEMICHORUS: We made it, we shipmates of your voyage.

873SEMICHORUS 1: What news, then?

874SEMICHORUS 2: All the westward flank of the ships has been scoured for tracks.

875SEMICHORUS 1: And did you find anything?

876SEMICHORUS 2: Only an abundance of toil. There was nothing more to see.

877SEMICHORUS 1: Neither, as a matter of fact, has the man been seen along the path that faces the shafts of the morning sun.

879CHORUS: Who, then, can guide me? What toiling

880fisherman, busy about his sleepless hunt, what nymph of the Olympian heights or of the streams that flow toward

885Bosporus, can say whether she has anywhere seen the wanderings of fierce-hearted Ajax? It is cruel that I, who have roamed with such great toil, cannot come near him with a fair course,

890but fail to see where the enfeebled man is.

891TECMESSA: Ah, me, ah, me!

892CHORUS: Whose cry broke from that nearby grove?

Part 10

893TECMESSA: Ah, misery!

894CHORUS: There, I see his unfortunate young bride, who was the prize of his spear,

895Tecmessa, dissolved in that pitiful wailing.

896TECMESSA: I am lost, destroyed, razed to the ground, my friends!

897CHORUS: What is it?

898TECMESSA: Here is our Ajax—his blood newly shed, he lies folded around the sword, burying it.

900CHORUS: Ah, no! Our homecoming is lost! Ah, my king, you have killed me, the comrade of your voyage! Unhappy man—broken-hearted woman!

904TECMESSA: His condition demands that we cry aiai.

905CHORUS: But by whose hand can the ill-fated man have contrived this end?

906TECMESSA: He did it with his own hand; it is obvious. This sword which he planted in the ground and on which he fell convicts him.

908CHORUS: Ah, what blind folly I have displayed! All alone, then, you bled, unguarded by your friends! And I took no care, so entirely dull was I, so totally stupid. Where, where lies inflexible Ajax, whose name means anguish?

915TECMESSA: No, he is not to be looked at! I will cover him over entirely with this enfolding shroud, since no one—no one, that is, who loves him—could bear to see him spurt the darkened gore of his self-inflicted slaughter up his nostrils and out of the bloody gash.

920Ah, what shall I do? What loved one is there to lift you in his arms? Where is Teucer? How timely would be his arrival, if he would but come to compose the corpse of his brother here! Ah, unlucky Ajax, from so great a height you are fallen so low!

924Even among your enemies you are worthy of mourning!

925CHORUS: You were bound, poor man, with that unbending heart you were bound, it seems, to fulfill a harsh destiny of limitless toils! So wild to my ears

930were the words of hatred which in your fierce mood you moaned against the Atreidae with such deadly passion. True it is that that moment was a potent source of sorrows,

935when the arms were made the prize for a contest in the skills of warfare!

937TECMESSA: Ah! Ah!

938CHORUS: True anguish, I know, pierces your heart.

939TECMESSA: Ah! Ah, me!

940CHORUS: I do not wonder, lady, that you wail and wail again, when you have just lost one so loved.

942TECMESSA: It is for you to analyze my troubles, but for me to feel them too fully.

943CHORUS: I must agree.

944TECMESSA: Oh, my son, to what a heavy yoke of slavery

945we advance! What cruel task-masters stand over us!

946CHORUS: Ah, the deeds of the two ruthless Atreidae which you name in our present grief would be unthinkable! May the gods hold them back!

Part 11

950TECMESSA: These events that you see would not have happened as they have without the will of the gods.

951CHORUS: Yes, they have brought upon us a burden too heavy to bear.

952TECMESSA: Yet what suffering the divine daughter of Zeus, fierce Pallas, engenders for Odysseus’ sake!

955CHORUS: No doubt the much-enduring hero exults in his dark soul and mocks in loud laughter at these frenzied sorrows—what shame!—

960and with him, when they hear the news, will laugh the royal brothers, the Atreidae.

961TECMESSA: Then let them mock and rejoice at this man’s misery. Perhaps, even though they did not cherish him while he lived, they will lament his death, when they meet with the difficulties of war. Men of crooked judgment do not know what good

965they have in their hands until they have thrown it away. His death is more bitter to me than it is sweet to the Greeks; but in any case to Ajax himself it is a joy, since he has accomplished all that he desired to get—his longed-for death. So why should they exult over him?

970He died before the gods, not at all before them—no! And so let Odysseus toss his insults in empty glee. For them Ajax is no more; for me he is gone, abandoning me to anguish and mourning.

974TEUCER: Ah! Ah, no!

975CHORUS: Quiet—I think I hear the voice of Teucer striking a note that points to this disaster.

977TEUCER: Beloved Ajax, brother whose face was so dear to me, have you truly fared as the mighty rumor says?

979CHORUS: He is dead, Teucer. Take it as fact.

980TEUCER: Then I am destroyed by my heavy fortune!

981CHORUS: When things stand as they do—

981aTEUCER: Ah, misery, misery!

982CHORUS: —you have cause to mourn.

982aTEUCER: O rash passion!

983CHORUS: Yes, Teucer, far too rash.

983aTEUCER: Ah, misery—what about the man’s child? Where in all of Troy can I find him?

985CHORUS: He is alone near the tent.

985aTEUCER: Then bring him here right away, so that we may prevent some enemy from snatching him away, as a hunter snatches a cub from a lioness and leaves her barren! Go quickly; give me your help! It is the habit of men everywhere to laugh in triumph over the dead when they are mere corpses on the ground.

990CHORUS: Yes, while still alive, Teucer, Ajax ordered you to care for the child, just as you are in fact doing.

992TEUCER: This sight is truly most painful to me of all that my eyes have seen.

995And the journey truly loathsome to my heart above all other journeys is this one that I have just now made while pursuing and scouting out your footsteps, dearest Ajax, once I learned of your fate! For a swift rumor about you, as if sent from some god, passed throughout all the Greek army, telling that you were dead and gone.

1000I heard the rumor while still far away from you, and I groaned quietly in sadness. But now that I see its truth, my heart is utterly shattered! Oh, god! Come, uncover him; let me see the worst. The corpse of Ajax is uncovered. O face painful to look upon and full of cruel boldness,

1005what a full crop of sorrows you have sown for me in your death! Where can I go? What people will receive me, when I have failed to help you in your troubles? No doubt Telamon, your father and mine, will likely greet me with a smile and kind words,

1010when I return without you. Yes, of course he will—a man who, even when enjoying good fortune, tends not to smile more brightly than before! What will a man like him leave unsaid? What insult will he forego against the bastard offspring of his spear’s war-prize, against your cowardly, unmanly betrayer, dear Ajax,

1015or better yet, your treacherous betrayer with designs to govern your domain and your house after your death? So will he insult me; he is a man quick to anger, severe in old age, and his rage seeks quarrels without cause. And in the end I shall be thrust out of our land, and cast off,

1020branded by his taunts as a slave instead of a freeman. These are my prospects at home. At Troy, on the other hand, my enemies are many, while I have few things to help me. All this have I gained from your death! Ah, me, what shall I do? How shall I draw your poor corpse

1025off the sharp tooth of this gleaming sword, the murderer who, it seems, made you breathe your last? Now do you see how in time Hector, though dead, was to destroy you? By the gods, note the fortune of this mortal pair.

1030First Hector with the very warrior’s belt given to him by Ajax was lashed to the chariot-rail and shredded without end, until his life fled with his breath. Now Ajax here had this gift from Hector, and by this he has perished in his deadly fall. Was it not the Fury who forged this blade,

1035was not that belt the product of Hades, the grim artificer? I, for my part, would affirm that these happenings and all happenings ever are designed by the gods for men. But if there is anyone in whose judgment my words are unacceptable, let him cherish his own thoughts, as I do mine.

Part 12

1040CHORUS: Do not go on at length, but consider how you will bury him and what you will next say. For I see our enemy approaching, and chances are that he comes to mock at our sorrows, like one who would do us harm.

1044TEUCER: What man of the army do you see?

1045CHORUS: Menelaus, the beneficiary of this expedition.

1046TEUCER: I see him; he is not hard to recognize when near.

1047MENELAUS: You there, I tell you not to lift that corpse for burial, but leave it where it lies.

1049TEUCER: Why do you waste your breath on this arrogant command?

1050MENELAUS: It conveys my decree, and the decree of the army’s supreme ruler.

1051TEUCER: Would you mind, then, telling me what reason you pretend?

1052MENELAUS: This—that when we had hoped we were bringing Ajax from home to be an ally and a friend for the Greeks, we found him on closer examination to be an enemy worse than the Phrygians,

1055since he plotted the murder of the entire army and marched by night against us in order to take us with his spear. And if some god had not smothered this attempt, we would have been allotted the fate which he now has, and we would be dead and lie prostrate by an ignoble doom,

1060while he would be living. But now a god has turned his outrage aside, so that it fell on the sheep and cattle. For this reason there is no man so powerful that he will be able to entomb the corpse of Ajax. Instead he shall be cast forth somewhere on the yellow sand

1065to become forage for the birds of the seashore. So then do not inflame the terrible force of your spirit. If we were unable to master him while he lived, in any case in death, at least, we shall rule him despite your opposition and control him by force of our hands. For while he lived, there never was a time

1070when he would obey my commands. Now it is, in truth, the mark of a base nature when a commoner does not think it right to obey those who stand over him. Never can the laws maintain a prosperous course in a city where fear has no fixed place,

1075nor can a camp be ruled any more with moderation, if it lacks the guarding force of fear and reverence. A man, though he grow his body great and mighty, must expect to fall, even from a light blow. Whoever knows fear and shame both,

1080you can be certain that he has found his salvation; but where there is license to attack others and act at will, do not doubt that such a State, though she has run before a favoring wind, will eventually sink with time into the depths. No, let me see fear, too, established, where fear is fitting;

1085let us not think that we can act on our desires without paying the price in pain. These things come by turns. He was once the hot attacker, now it is my hour to glory. And so I warn you not to bury him,

1090so that you can avoid falling into your own grave.

1091CHORUS: Menelaus, after laying down wise precepts, do not then violate the dead.

1093TEUCER: Never again, my fellow Salaminians, will I be amazed if some nobody by birth does wrong,

1095when those who are reputed to be born of noble blood employ such wrongful sentiments in their arguments. Come, tell me from the first once more—do you really say that you brought Ajax here to the Greeks as an ally personally recruited by you? Did he not sail of his own accord? As his own master?

1100On what grounds are you his commander? On what grounds have you a right to kingship over the men whom he brought from home? It was as Sparta’s king that you came, not as master over us. Nowhere was it established among your lawful powers that you should order him any more than he you.

1105You sailed here under the command of others, not as a supreme commander who might at any time exercise authority over Ajax. No, rule the troops you rule, and use your reverend words to punish them! But this man, whether you or the other general forbid it, I will lay

1110in the grave as justice demands, and I will not fear your tongue. It was not at all for your wife’s sake that Ajax made this expedition, as did those toil-worn drudges. No, it was for the sake of the oath by which he had sworn, and not at all for you, since it was not his habit to value nobodies.

1115And so when you come here again, bring more heralds, and the leader of the expedition, too. Your bluster could not make me turn to notice you, so long as you are what you are.

1118CHORUS: Again, I say, in these troubles I cannot approve of such a tone. Harsh words sting, however just they are.

1120MENELAUS: The bowman seems to feel no little grandeur.

1121TEUCER: I do, since it is no lowly skill that I possess.

1122MENELAUS: How you would boast, if you had a shield!

1123TEUCER: Even without a shield I would be a match for you fully armed.

1124MENELAUS: What a tongue you have! What dreadful anger it feeds!

1125TEUCER: When right is with him, a man’s thoughts may be grand.

1126MENELAUS: What, is it right that the man who murdered me should prosper?

1127TEUCER: Murdered you? It is truly a strange happening, if in fact you live after being killed.

Part 13

1128MENELAUS: A god rescued me. So far as that corpse is concerned, I am in Hades.

1129TEUCER: Then since it was the gods who saved you, do not dishonor the gods.

1130MENELAUS: What, would I find fault with divine law?

1131TEUCER: Yes, if by your presence here you prevent burial of the dead.

1132MENELAUS: Prevent it I do, since he was at war with me and I with him. Burial in such a case would not be right.

1133TEUCER: What do you mean? Did Ajax ever stand forth publicly to war with you?

1134MENELAUS: He hated me as I hated him, and you knew it, too.

1135TEUCER: Yes, he hated you because you had been caught fixing the votes in order to rob him.

1136MENELAUS: At the hands of the jurymen, not mine, he suffered that loss.

1137TEUCER: You could make a thousand stealthy crimes look pretty.

1138MENELAUS: That sentiment leads to pain for someone I know.

1139TEUCER: The pain will be no greater, I think, than that which we will inflict.

1140MENELAUS: I will tell you once and for all—there is to be no burial for him.

1141TEUCER: And hear my reply—he shall be buried immediately.

1142MENELAUS: Once I saw a bold-tongued man who had urged sailors to set sail during wintertime. Yet in him you could have found no voice

1145when the worst of the storm was upon him. No, hidden beneath his cloak he allowed the crew to trample on him at will. And so it is with you and your raging speech—perhaps a great storm, even if its blast comes from a small cloud, will extinguish your shouting.

1150TEUCER: Yes, and I have seen a man stuffed with foolishness who exulted in his neighbor’s misfortunes. It turned out that a man like me and of similar temperament stared at him and said, Man, do not wrong the dead; for, if you do, rest assured that you will come to harm. So he warned the misguided man before him. Take note—I see him now, and I think that he is no one but you. Have I spoken in riddles?

1159MENELAUS: I will go—it would be a disgrace to have it known

1160that I argue when I have the power to use force.

1161TEUCER: Leave then! The worst disgrace for me is that I should listen to a fool’s empty chatter.

1163CHORUS: A trial of this great discord will soon come about. But you, Teucer, with all the speed you can muster,

1165be quick to seek a hollow grave for Ajax, where he shall establish his dank tomb, a constant memorial for mortals.

1168TEUCER: And now just in time his son and his wife approach

1170to arrange the burial of the pitiable corpse. Come here, nephew. Take your place near him, and grasp in supplication your father, your begetter. Kneel and pray for help, with locks of hair in your hand from me, her, and thirdly you;

1175they are the suppliant’s only resource. But if any soldier from the army should tear you by violence from this body, then for his wickedness may he be wickedly cast out of his country and get no burial, but be severed at the root with all his race, just as I shear this lock.

1180Take it, Nephew, and keep it safe. Let no one move you, but kneel there and cling to the dead. And you there, do not stand idly by like women, not men. Help defend us until I return, when I have seen to a grave for him, though all the world forbids it.

Part 14

1185CHORUS: Which will be the last year? When will the sum of the years of our many wanderings stop bringing upon me the unending doom of toilful spear-battles

1190throughout broad Troy, the cause of sorrow and of shame for Greece ?

1192CHORUS: If only that man had first passed into the depths of the sky or into Hades, the common home of all,

1195before he taught the Greeks the shared plague of Ares’ detested arms! Ah, those toils of his invention, which produced so many more toils! Look how that man has ravaged humanity!

1199CHORUS: No delight in garlands

1200or deep wine-cups did that man provide me, no sweet din of flutes, that miserable man, or pleasing rest in the night.

1205And from love—god!—from love he has totally barred me. Here I lie uncared for, while heavy dews constantly wet my hair,

1210damp reminders of joyless Troy .

1211CHORUS: In the past bold Ajax was always my bulwark against night’s terrors and flying missiles. But now he has become an offering consecrated

1215to a malignant divinity. What joy, then, what delight awaits me anymore? O to be where the wooded wave-washed cape fences off the deep sea,

1220to be beneath Sunium’s jutting plateau, so that we might salute sacred Athens!

1223TEUCER: Here I am! I hurried back when I saw the supreme commander, Agamemnon, rapidly approaching.

1225It is plain to me that he will let his clumsy tongue fly.

1226AGAMEMNON: So it is you, they tell me, who dared open your mouth wide to make fierce threats against us—and are you still unpunished? Yes, I mean you—you, the captive slave’s son. No doubt if you were born from a noble mother,

1230your talk would reach the sky and you would proudly strut about, when now it is the case that, though you are a nobody and a nothing, you have stood up for this other nothing lying here, and have vowed that we came out with no authority either as admirals or as generals to rule the Greeks or you. No, as an autonomous ruler, you say, Ajax set sail.

1235Does it not shame me that I hear these proud words from slavish mouths? What was the man whom you shout about with such arrogance? Where did he advance, or where did he stand his ground, where I did not do the same? Have the Greeks, then, no other men but him? To our own harm, it seems, we announced

1240to the Greeks the contests for the arms of Achilles, if on all sides we are accounted corrupt because of Teucer, and if it will never satisfy you Salaminians, even when you are defeated, to accept the verdict which satisfied the majority of the judges. But instead you will always no doubt aim your slanderous arrows at us,

1245or treacherously lash at our backs when you fall behind us in the race. Yet in a place where such ways prevail, there could be no settled order for any law, if we are to thrust the rightful winners aside and bring those in the rear up to the front ranks.

1250These tendencies must be checked. It is not the stout, broad-shouldered men that are the steadiest allies. No, it is the wise who prevail in every engagement. A broad-backed ox is kept straight on the road all the same when only a small whip directs him.

1255And a dose of this very medicine, I foresee, will find you before long, unless you gain a little good sense. He no longer exists, but is already a shade, yet still you boldly insult us and give your tongue too much freedom. Restrain yourself, I say. Recall your birth, your nature.

1260Bring someone else here—a man who is freeborn—who can plead your cause before me in your place. For when you speak, I no longer understand— I do not know your barbarian language.

1264CHORUS: If only you both had the sense to exercise self-restraint!

1265There is no better advice that I could give you two.

1266TEUCER: My, how quickly gratitude to the dead seeps away from men and is found to have turned to betrayal, since this man no longer offers even the slightest praise in remembrance of you, Ajax, even though it was for his sake

1270you toiled so often in battle, offering your own life to the spear! No, your assistance is dead and gone, all flung aside! Full and foolish talker, do you no longer remember anything of the time when you were trapped inside your defenses,

1275when you were all but destroyed in the turn of the battle and he, he alone came and saved you at the moment when the flames were already blazing around the decks at your ships’ sterns and Hector was leaping high over the trench towards the vessels?

1280Who averted that? Was it not Ajax who did it, the one who, you say, nowhere set foot where you were not? Well, do you grant that he did his duty to you there? And what about when another time, all alone, he confronted Hector in single combat according to the fall of the lots, and not at anyone’s command?

1285The lot which he cast in was not the kind to flee the challenge; it was no lump of moist earth, but one which would be the first to leap lightly from the crested helmet! It was this man who did those deeds, and I, the slave, the son of the barbarian mother, was at his side.

1290Pitiful creature, how can you be so blind as to argue the way you do? Are you not aware of the fact that your father’s father Pelops long ago was a barbarian, a Phrygian? That Atreus, your own begetter, set before his brother a most unholy feast made from the flesh of his brother’s children?

1295And you yourself were born from a Cretan mother, whose father found a stranger straddling her and who was consigned by him to be prey for the mute fish. So being of such a kind, can you reproach a man like me for my lineage? I am the son of Telamon,

1300who won my mother for his consort as prize for valor supreme in the army. And she was the daughter of Laomedon, of royal blood, and it was as the flower of the spoil that Alcmena’s son gave her to Telamon. Thus nobly born as I am from two noble parents,

1305could I disgrace my own flesh and blood, whom even as he lies here subdued by such massive troubles, you, making your pronouncements without a blush of shame, would thrust out without burial? Now consider this well: wherever you cast him away, with him you will also cast our three corpses.

1310It is right for me to die before all men’s eyes while I am toiling in his cause, rather than for your wife—or should I say your brother’s? With this in mind, then, look not to my safety, but to yours instead, since if you cause me any grief at all, you will soon wish

1315that you had been more timid than bold when confronting me.

1316CHORUS: Lord Odysseus, you arrive at the right time, if mediation, not division, is your purpose in coming.

1318ODYSSEUS: What is the trouble, friends? From far off I heard shouting from the Atreidae over this brave man’s corpse.

1320AGAMEMNON: Is it not because we, Lord Odysseus, have long had to hear the worst, most shameful language from this man?

1322ODYSSEUS: How so? I can pardon a man a retaliatory barrage of abuse if another has insulted him.

1324AGAMEMNON: I insulted him, since his conduct toward me was of the same stripe.

1325ODYSSEUS: And what did he do that harmed you?

1326AGAMEMNON: He declares that he will not leave this corpse without due burial, but will entomb it in spite of me.

1328ODYSSEUS: Then may a friend speak the truth, and still remain your helpmate no less than before?

1330AGAMEMNON: Speak. Otherwise I would be less than sane, since I count you my greatest friend among all the Greeks.

1332ODYSSEUS: Listen, then. In the name of the gods, do not let yourself so ruthlessly cast this man out unburied. Do not in any way let the violence of your hatred overcome you

1335so much that you trample justice under foot. To me, too, this man was once the most hostile enemy in the army from the day on which I beat him for possession of Achilles’ arms. Yet for all that he was hostile towards me, I would not dishonor him in return or refuse to admit

1340that in all our Greek force at Troy he was, in my view, the best and bravest, excepting Achilles. It would not be just, then, that he should be dishonored by you. It is not he, but the laws given by the gods that you would damage. When a good man is dead, there is no justice

1345in doing him harm, not even if you hate him.

1346AGAMEMNON: You, Odysseus—do you champion him against me in this battle?

Part 15

1347ODYSSEUS: I do, though I did hate him, when it was honorable for me to hate.

1348AGAMEMNON: But should you not also trample him now that he is dead?

1349ODYSSEUS: Do not take delight, son of Atreus, in that superiority which brings no honor.

1350AGAMEMNON: Reverence, I tell you, is not easily practiced by the autocrat.

1351ODYSSEUS: But it is easy to grant dispensations to friends when they advise well.

1352AGAMEMNON: A good man should listen to those in charge.

1353ODYSSEUS: Stop! Your power is victorious when you surrender to your friends.

1354AGAMEMNON: Remember to what sort of man you show this kindness!

1355ODYSSEUS: The man was once my enemy, yes, but he was also noble.

1356AGAMEMNON: Why do you do this? Why do you so respect an enemy’s corpse?

1357ODYSSEUS: I yield to his excellence much more than his hostility.

1358AGAMEMNON: Men who act as you do are the unstable sort in humankind.

1359ODYSSEUS: Quite the majority of men, I assure you, are friendly at one time, and bitter at another.

1360AGAMEMNON: So then, are these the type of friends that you recommend we make?

1361ODYSSEUS: It is not my habit to recommend an inflexible spirit.

1362AGAMEMNON: You will make us appear to be cowards today.

1363ODYSSEUS: On the contrary, we will be men of justice in the eyes of all the Greeks.

1364AGAMEMNON: Then do you truly urge me to allow the burying of the dead?

1365ODYSSEUS: Yes, for I too shall come to that necessity.

1366AGAMEMNON: How true it is that in all things alike each man works for himself!

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1367ODYSSEUS: And for whom should I work more than for myself?

1368AGAMEMNON: It must be called your doing then, not mine.

1369ODYSSEUS: However you do it, in all respects you will at least prove beneficent.

1370AGAMEMNON: In any case, be quite certain that to you I would grant a larger favor than this. To that man, however, as on earth, so below I give my hatred. But you can do what you will.

1374CHORUS: Whoever denies, Odysseus, that you were born wise in judgment

1375is a total fool since you have shown it just now.

1376ODYSSEUS: And now I announce that from this point on I am ready to be Teucer’s friend as much as I was once his enemy. And I would like to join in the burying of your dead and share your labors, omitting no service

1380which mortals should render to their best and bravest warriors.

1381TEUCER: Good Odysseus, I have only praise for your words. You have greatly belied my fears. Of all the Greeks you were his deadliest enemy, and yet you alone have stood by him with helping hand and did not come here and allow yourself in life

1385to violate the dead Ajax ruthlessly, as did the crazed general who came, since he and his brother wanted to cast out the outraged corpse without burial. Therefore may the Father supreme on Olympus above us,

1390and the unforgetting Fury and Justice the Fulfiller destroy them for their wickedness with wicked deaths, just as they sought to cast this man out with unmerited, outrageous mistreatment. But you, progeny of aged Laertes, I hesitate to permit you to touch the corpse in burial,

1395lest I so offend the dead. In all other tasks do indeed be our partner. And if you wish to bring any soldier of the army with you, he shall be welcome. For the rest, I will make all things ready. But you, Odysseus, know that to us you have been a good and noble friend.

1400ODYSSEUS: It was my wish to help, but if it is not pleasing to you that I should assist here, I accept your decision and depart.

1402TEUCER: Enough. Already the interval has been long drawn out. Come, hurry some of you to dig the hollow grave; others erect the

1405cauldron wrapped in fire on its high stand for prompt preparation of the ritual cleansing. Let another company bring from the tent the finery which he wore in battle beneath his shield. And you, too, child, with such strength as you have

1410lay a loving hand upon your father and help me to lighten his body; for his channels are still warm and spray upwards the dark force of his spirit. Come, come everyone who claims to be our friend, start forward and move on,

1415laboring in service to this man of perfect excellence. To a nobler man such service has never yet been rendered .

1418CHORUS: Many things, I tell you, can be known through mortal eyes; but before he sees it happening, no one can foretell

1420the future, or what his fate will be.

Part 1

1ANTIGONE: Ismene, my sister, true child of my own mother, do you know any evil out of all the evils bequeathed by Oedipus that Zeus will not fulfil for the two of us in our lifetime? There is nothing—no pain, no ruin,

5no shame, nor dishonor—that I have not seen in your sufferings and mine. And now what is this new edict that they say the general has just decreed to all the city? Do you know anything? Have you heard? Or does it escape you that

10evils from our enemies are on the march against our friends?

11ISMENE: To me no word of our friends, Antigone, either bringing joy or bringing pain has come since we two were robbed of our two brothers who died in one day by a double blow.

15And since the Argive army has fled during this night, I have learned nothing further, whether better fortune is mine, or further ruin.

18ANTIGONE: I knew it well, so I was trying to bring you outside the courtyard gates to this end, that you alone might hear.

20ISMENE: Hear what? It is clear that you are brooding on some dark news.

21ANTIGONE: Why not? Has not Creon destined our brothers, the one to honored burial, the other to unburied shame? Eteocles, they say, with due observance of right and custom, he has laid in the earth

25for his honor among the dead below. As for the poor corpse of Polyneices, however, they say that an edict has been published to the townsmen that no one shall bury him or mourn him, but instead leave him unwept, unentombed, for the birds a pleasing store

30as they look to satisfy their hunger. Such, it is said, is the edict that the good Creon has laid down for you and for me—yes, for me—and it is said that he is coming here to proclaim it for the certain knowledge of those who do not already know. They say that he does not conduct this business lightly,

35but whoever performs any of these rites, for him the fate appointed is death by public stoning among the entire city. This is how things stand for you, and so you will soon show your nature, whether you are noble-minded, or the corrupt daughter of a noble line.

39ISMENE: Poor sister, if things have come to this, what would I

40profit by loosening or tightening this knot?

41ANTIGONE: Consider whether you will share the toil and the task.

42ISMENE: What are you hazarding? What do you intend?

43ANTIGONE: Will you join your hand to mine in order to lift his corpse?

44ISMENE: You plan to bury him—when it is forbidden to the city?

45ANTIGONE: Yes, he is my brother, and yours too, even if you wish it otherwise. I will never be convicted of betraying him.

47ISMENE: Hard girl! Even when Creon has forbidden it?

48ANTIGONE: No, he has no right to keep me from my own.

49ISMENE: Ah, no! Think, sister, how our father

50perished in hatred and infamy, when, because of the crimes that he himself detected, he smashed both his eyes with self-blinding hand; then his mother-wife, two names in one, with a twisted noose destroyed her life;

55lastly, our two brothers in a single day, both unhappy murderers of their own flesh and blood, worked with mutual hands their common doom. And now we, in turn—we two who have been left all alone—consider how much more miserably we will be destroyed, if in defiance of the law

60we transgress against an autocrat’s decree or his powers. No, we must remember, first, that ours is a woman’s nature, and accordingly not suited to battles against men; and next, that we are ruled by the more powerful, so that we must obey in these things and in things even more stinging.

65I, therefore, will ask those below for pardon, since I am forced to this, and will obey those who have come to authority. It is foolish to do what is fruitless.

69ANTIGONE: I would not encourage you—no, nor, even if you were willing later,

70would I welcome you as my partner in this action. No, be the sort that pleases you. I will bury him—it would honor me to die while doing that. I shall rest with him, loved one with loved one, a pious criminal. For the time is greater

75that I must serve the dead than the living, since in that world I will rest forever. But if you so choose, continue to dishonor what the gods in honor have established.

78ISMENE: I do them no dishonor. But to act in violation of the citizens’ will—of that I am by nature incapable.

80ANTIGONE: You can make that your pretext! Regardless, I will go now to heap a tomb over the brother I love.

82ISMENE: Oh no, unhappy sister! I fear for you!

83ANTIGONE: Do not tremble for me. Straighten out your own destiny.

84ISMENE: Then at least disclose the deed to no one before you do it.

85Conceal it, instead, in secrecy—and so, too, will I.

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86ANTIGONE: Go on! Denounce it! You will be far more hated for your silence, if you fail to proclaim these things to everyone.

88ISMENE: You have a hot heart for chilling deeds.

89ANTIGONE: I know that I please those whom I am most bound to please.

90ISMENE: Yes, if you will also have the power. But you crave the impossible.

91ANTIGONE: Why then, when my strength fails, I will have finished.

92ISMENE: An impossible hunt should not be tried in the first place.

93ANTIGONE: If you mean that, you will have my hatred, and you will be subject to punishment as the enemy of the dead.

95But leave me and the foolish plan I have authored to suffer this terrible thing, for I will not suffer anything so terrible that my death will lack honor.

98ISMENE: Go, then, if you so decide. And of this be sure: though your path is foolish, to your loved ones your love is straight and true. Exit Antigone on the spectators’ left. Ismene exits into the palace.

100CHORUS: Shaft of the sun, fairest light of all that have dawned on Thebes of the seven gates, you have shone forth at last, eye of golden day, advancing over Dirce’s streams!

105You have goaded with a sharper bit the warrior of the white shield, who came from Argos in full armor, driving him to headlong retreat.

110CHORUS: He set out against our land because of the strife-filled claims of Polyneices, and like a screaming eagle he flew over into our land, covered by his snow-white wing,

115with a mass of weapons and crested helmets.

117CHORUS: He paused above our dwellings; he gaped around our sevenfold portals with spears thirsting for blood; but he left

120before his jaws were ever glutted with our gore, or before the Fire-god’s pine-fed flame had seized our crown of towers.

125So fierce was the crash of battle swelling about his back, a match too hard to win for the rival of the dragon.

127CHORUS: For Zeus detests above all the boasts of a proud tongue. And when he saw them advancing in a swollen flood,

130arrogant their clanging gold, he dashed with brandished fire one who was already starting to shout victory when he had reached our ramparts.

134CHORUS: Staggered, he fell to the earth with a crash,

135torch in hand, a man possessed by the frenzy of the mad attack, who just now was raging against us with the blasts of his tempestuous hate. But his threats did not fare as he had hoped, and to the other enemies mighty Ares dispensed each their own dooms with hard blows,

140Ares, our mighty ally at the turning-point.

141CHORUS: For the seven captains, stationed against an equal number at the seven gates, left behind their brazen arms in tribute to Zeus the turner of battle—all but the accursed pair who, born of one father and one

145mother, set against each other their spears, both victorious, and who now share in a common death.

148CHORUS: But since Victory whose name is glory has come to us, smiling in joy equal to the joy of chariot-rich Thebes,

150let us make for ourselves forgetfulness after the recent wars, and visit all the temples of the gods with night-long dance and song. And may Bacchus, who shakes the earth of Thebes, rule our dancing!

155CHORUS: But look, the king of the land is coming here, Creon, the son of Menoeceus, our new ruler in accordance with the new circumstances fated by the gods. What policy is he setting in motion,

160that he has proposed this special conference of elders, and summoned it by a general mandate?

162CREON: My fellow citizens! First, the gods, after tossing the fate of our city on wild waves, have once more righted it. Second, I have ordered you through my messengers to come here

165apart from all the rest, because I knew, first of all, how constant was your reverence for the power of the throne of Laius; how, again, you were reverent, when Oedipus was guiding our city; and lastly, how, when he was dead, you still maintained loyal thoughts towards his children.

170Since, then, these latter have fallen in one day by a twofold doom—each striking, each struck, both with the stain of a brother’s murder—I now possess all the power and the throne according to my kinship with the dead.

175Now, it is impossible to know fully any man’s character, will, or judgment, until he has been proved by the test of rule and law-giving. For if anyone who directs the entire city does not cling to the best and wisest plans,

180but because of some fear keeps his lips locked, then, in my judgment, he is and has long been the most cowardly traitor. And if any man thinks a friend more important than his fatherland, that man, I say, is of no account. Zeus, god who sees all things always, be my witness—

185I would not be silent if I saw ruin, instead of safety, marching upon the citizens. Nor would I ever make a man who is hostile to my country a friend to myself, because I know this, that our country is the ship that bears us safe, and that only when

190we sail her on a straight course can we make true friends. Such are the rules by which I strengthen this city. Akin to these is the edict which I have now published to the citizenry concerning the sons of Oedipus: Eteocles, who fell fighting

195in behalf of our city and who excelled all in battle, they shall entomb and heap up every sacred offering that descends to the noblest of the dead below. But as for his brother, Polyneices, I mean, who on his return from exile wanted to burn to the ground

200the city of his fathers and his race’s gods, and wanted to feed on kindred blood and lead the remnant into slavery—it has been proclaimed to the city that no one shall give him funeral honors or lamentation,

205but all must leave him unburied and a sight of shame, with his body there for birds and dogs to eat. This is my will, and never will I allow the traitor to stand in honor before the just. But whoever has good will to Thebes,

210he shall be honored by me in death as in life.

211CHORUS: That is your will, Creon, towards this city’s enemy and its friend. And the power is yours, I believe, to make use of every law whatsoever, both concerning the dead and all us who live.

215CREON: See, then, that you be guardians of my commands.

216CHORUS: Lay the weight of this task on some younger man.

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217CREON: That is not what I meant—the guards for the corpse are already in place.

218CHORUS: Then what is this other command that you would give?

219CREON: That you not give way to the breakers of my commands.

220CHORUS: There is no one so foolish as to crave death.

221CREON: I assure you, that is the wage for disobedience. Yet by just the hope of it, money has many times corrupted men.

223GUARD: My king, I will not say that I arrive breathless because of speed, or from the action of a swift foot.

225For often I brought myself to a stop because of my thoughts, and wheeled round in my path to return. My mind was telling me many things: Fool, why do you go to where your arrival will mean your punishment? Idiot, are you dallying again? If Creon learns it from another, must you not suffer for it?

230So debating, I made my way unhurriedly, slow, and thus a short road was made long. At last, however, the view prevailed that I should come here—to you. Even if my report brings no good, still will I tell you,

235since I come with a good grip on one hope, that I can suffer nothing except what is my fate.

237CREON: And what is it that so disheartens you?

238GUARD: I want to tell you first about myself—I did not do the deed, nor did I see the doer,

240so it would be wrong that I should come to any harm.

241CREON: Like a bowman you aim well at your target from a distance, and all around you hedge yourself off well from the deed. It is clear that you have some unheard-of thing to tell.

243GUARD: That I do, for terrible news imposes great hesitation.

244CREON: Then tell it, will you, and so unburdened go away?

245GUARD: Well, here it is. The corpse—some one has just given it burial and disappeared after sprinkling thirsty dust on the flesh and performing the other rites that piety demands.

248CREON: What are you saying? What man dared do this?

249GUARD: I do not know. For there was no scar of a pickax to be seen there,

250no earth thrown up by a mattock. The ground was hard and dry, unbroken, not rolled over by wheels. The doer was someone who left no trace. When the first day-watchman showed it to us, a discomforting amazement fell on us all.

255The dead man was veiled from us—not shut within a tomb, but a light cover of dust was on him, as if put there by the hand of one who shunned a curse. And no sign was visible that any beast of prey or any dog had approached or torn him. Then evil words flew thick and loud among us,

260guard accusing guard. It would even have come to blows in the end, nor was there anyone there to prevent it: every man was the culprit, and no one was plainly guilty, while all disclaimed knowledge of the act. We were ready to take red-hot iron in our hands,

265to walk through fire and to swear oaths by the gods that we had neither done the deed, nor shared knowledge of the planning or the doing. At last, when our investigating got us nowhere, someone spoke up and made us all bend our faces

270in fear towards the earth. For we did not know how we could argue with him, nor yet prosper, if we did what he said. His argument was that the deed must be reported to you and not hidden. This view prevailed, and so it was that

275the lot doomed miserable me to win this prize. So here I stand, as unwelcome to you as I am unwilling, I well know. For no man delights in the bearer of bad news.

278CHORUS: My king, my thoughts have long been deliberating whether this deed is somehow the work of gods?

280CREON: Quiet, before your words truly fill me with rage, so that you not be found at the same time foolish as well as old. You say what is intolerable when you claim that the gods have concern for that corpse. Was it in high esteem for his benefactions

285that they sought to hide him, when he had come to burn their columned shrines, their sacred treasures and their land, and scatter its laws to the winds? Or do you see the gods honoring the wicked? It cannot be. No! From the very first

290certain men of the city were chafing at this edict and muttering against me, tossing their heads in secret, and they did not keep their necks duly under the yoke in submission to me. By those men, I am certain, they were led astray and bribed to do this deed.

295Nothing so evil as money ever grew to be current among men. This destroys cities, this drives men from their homes, this trains and warps honest minds to set themselves to works of shame,

300this teaches people to practise villainies, and to know every act of unholiness. But all the men who did this job for hire have made sure that, sooner or later, they shall suffer the punishment. Now, as Zeus still has my reverence, know this well—

305I tell you on my oath. If you do not find the very hand that made this burial, and reveal him before my eyes, mere death shall not suffice for you, not before, hung up alive, you have made this outrage plain,

310so that hereafter you may thieve with better knowledge of where your money should be received from, and learn that it is best not to be fond of money-making from any and every source. For you will find that ill-gotten gains bring more men to ruin than to safety.

315GUARD: Will you allow me to speak? Or shall I just turn and go?

316CREON: Do you not know even now how much your voice sickens me?

317GUARD: Is the pain in your ears, or in your soul?

318CREON: And why would you define the seat of my pain?

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319GUARD: He who did it hurts your heart, but I, your ears.

320CREON: God! How plain it is that you are a born babbler.

321GUARD: Perhaps, but never the author of this action.

322CREON: Yes, and what is more, you sold your life for silver.

323GUARD: Ah! It is truly sad when the judge judges wrong .

324CREON: Expound on judgment as you will. But, if you fail to

325show me the perpetrators of these crimes, you will avow that money basely earned wreaks sorrows. Exit Creon.

327GUARD: Well, may the man be found! That would be best. But, whether he be caught or not—for fortune must decide that—I assure you that you will not see me come here again.

330Saved just now beyond hope and belief, I owe the gods great thanks. Exit the Guard.

332CHORUS: Wonders are many, and none is more wonderful than man.

335This power spans the sea, even when it surges white before the gales of the south-wind, and makes a path under swells that threaten to engulf him. Earth, too, the eldest of the gods, the immortal, the unwearied,

340he wears away to his own ends, turning the soil with the offspring of horses as the plows weave to and fro year after year.

343CHORUS: The light-hearted tribe of birds

345and the clans of wild beasts and the sea-brood of the deep he snares in the meshes of his twisted nets, and he leads them captive, very-skilled man. He masters by his arts

350the beast who dwells in the wilds and roams the hills. He tames the shaggy-maned horse, putting the yoke upon its neck, and tames the tireless mountain bull.

354CHORUS: Speech and thought fast as the wind and the moods that give order to a city he has taught himself, and how to flee the arrows of the inhospitable frost under clear skies and the arrows of the storming rain.

360He has resource for everything. Lacking resource in nothing he strides towards what must come. From Death alone he shall procure no escape, but from baffling diseases he has devised flights.

365CHORUS: Possessing resourceful skill, a subtlety beyond expectation he moves now to evil, now to good. When he honors the laws of the land and the justice of the gods to which he is bound by oath,

370his city prospers. But banned from his city is he who, thanks to his rashness, couples with disgrace. Never may he share my home,

375never think my thoughts, who does these things!

376CHORUS: What marvel sent by the gods is this?—I am bewildered! I know her. How can I deny that this girl is Antigone? O unhappy child

380of your unhappy father, of Oedipus! What can this mean? What! Surely they are not bringing you captive for disobeying the King’s laws and being caught in lunacy?

384GUARD: Here is she, the one who did the deed.

385We caught this one burying him. Where is Creon?

386CHORUS: There, he is coming from the house again at our need.

387CREON: What is it? What has happened that makes my coming timely?

388GUARD: My king, there is nothing that a man can rightly swear he will not do. For second thought belies one’s first intent.

390I could have vowed that I would not ever come here again, because of your threats by which I had just been storm-tossed. But since this joy that exceeds and oversteps my hopes can be compared in fulness to no other pleasure, I am back—though it is contrary to my sworn oath—

395bringing this girl who was caught giving burial honors to the dead. This time there was no casting of lots. No, this piece of luck has fallen to me, and me alone. And now, my king, as it pleases you, take her yourself, question her and convict her. But justice would see me

400released free and clear from this trouble.

401CREON: Your prisoner here—how and where did you take her?

402GUARD: She was burying the man. You know all there is to tell.

403CREON: Are you clear and sure about what you are saying?

404GUARD: I am. I saw her burying the corpse that you

405had forbidden to bury. Is that plain and sufficient?

Part 5

406CREON: And how was she observed? How taken in the act?

407GUARD: It happened like this. When we had come to the place with those fierce threats of yours still in our ears, we swept away all the dust that covered

410the corpse and bared the damp body well. We then sat down on the brow of the hill to windward, fleeing the smell from him, lest it strike us. Each man was wide awake and kept his neighbor alert with torrents of threats, if any one should be careless of this task.

415So time passed, until the disk of the sun stood bright in mid-sky and the heat began to burn. And then suddenly a whirlwind lifted from the earth a storm of dust, a trouble in the sky, and it filled the plain, marring all the foliage of its woods.

420Soon the wide air was choked with it. We closed our eyes, and endured the plague from the gods. When, after a long while, this storm had passed, the girl was seen, and she wailed aloud with the sharp cry of a grieving bird, as when inside her empty

425nest she sees the bed stripped of its nestlings. So she, too, when she saw the corpse bare, broke into a cry of lamentation and cursed with harsh curses those who had done it. Immediately she took thirsty dust in her hands,

430and from a pitcher of beaten bronze held high she crowned the dead with thrice-poured libations. We rushed forward when we saw it, and at once closed upon our quarry, who was not at all dismayed. We then charged her with her past and present doings,

435but she made no denial of anything—at once to my joy and to my pain. For to have escaped from trouble one’s self gives the greatest joy, but it stings to lead friends to evil. Naturally, though, all such things are

440of less account to me than my own safety.

441CREON: You, you with your face bent to the ground, do you admit, or deny that you did this?

443ANTIGONE: I declare it and make no denial.

444CREON: You can take yourself wherever you please,

445free and clear of a heavy charge. Exit Guard.

446You, however, tell me—not at length, but briefly—did you know that an edict had forbidden this?

448ANTIGONE: I knew it. How could I not? It was public.

449CREON: And even so you dared overstep that law?

450ANTIGONE: Yes, since it was not Zeus that published me that edict, and since not of that kind are the laws which Justice who dwells with the gods below established among men. Nor did I think that your decrees were of such force, that a mortal could override the unwritten

455and unfailing statutes given us by the gods. For their life is not of today or yesterday, but for all time, and no man knows when they were first put forth. Not for fear of any man’s pride was I about to owe a penalty to the gods for breaking these.

460Die I must, that I knew well (how could I not?). That is true even without your edicts. But if I am to die before my time, I count that a gain. When anyone lives as I do, surrounded by evils, how can he not carry off gain by dying?

465So for me to meet this doom is a grief of no account. But if I had endured that my mother’s son should in death lie an unburied corpse, that would have grieved me. Yet for this, I am not grieved. And if my present actions are foolish in your sight,

470it may be that it is a fool who accuses me of folly.

471CHORUS: She shows herself the wild offspring of a wild father, and does not know how to bend before troubles.

473CREON: Yet remember that over-hard spirits most often collapse. It is the stiffest iron, baked to

475utter hardness in the fire, that you most often see snapped and shivered. And I have witnessed horses with great spirit disciplined by a small bit. For there is no place for pride, when one is his neighbors’ slave.

480This girl was already practiced in outrage when she overstepped the published laws. And, that done, this now is a second outrage, that she glories in it and exults in her deed. In truth, then, I am no man, but she is,

485if this victory rests with her and brings no penalty. No! Whether she is my sister’s child, or nearer to me in blood than any of my kin that worship Zeus at the altar of our house, she and her sister will not escape a doom most harsh. For in truth

490I charge that other with an equal share in the plotting of this burial. Call her out! I saw her inside just now, raving, and not in control of her wits. Before the deed, the mind frequently is convicted of stealthy crimes when conspirators are plotting depravity in the dark.

495But, truly, I detest it, too, when one who has been caught in treachery then seeks to make the crime a glory.

497ANTIGONE: What more do you want than to capture and kill me?

498CREON: I want nothing else. Having that, I have everything.

499ANTIGONE: Why then do you wait? In none of your maxims

500is there anything that pleases me—and may there never be! Similarly to you as well my views must be displeasing. And yet, how could I have won a nobler glory than by giving burial to my own brother? All here would admit that they approve,

505if fear did not grip their tongues. But tyranny, blest with so much else, has the power to do and say whatever it pleases.

508CREON: You alone out of all these Thebans see it that way.

509ANTIGONE: They do, too, but for you they hold their tongues.

510CREON: Are you not ashamed that your beliefs differ from theirs?

511ANTIGONE: No, there is nothing shameful in respecting your own flesh and blood.

512CREON: Was not he your brother too, who died in the opposite cause?

513ANTIGONE: A brother by the same mother and the same father.

Part 6

514CREON: Why, then, do you pay a service that is disrespectful to him?

515ANTIGONE: The dead man will not support you in that.

516CREON: Yes, he will, if you honor him equally with the wicked one.

517ANTIGONE: It was his brother, not his slave, who died.

518CREON: But he died ravaging this land, while he fell in its defense.

519ANTIGONE: Hades craves these rites, nevertheless.

520CREON: But the good man craves a portion not equal to the evil’s.

521ANTIGONE: Who knows but that these actions are pure to those below?

522CREON: You do not love someone you have hated, not even after death.

523ANTIGONE: It is not my nature to join in hate, but in love.

524CREON: Then, go down to hell and love them

525if you must. While I live, no woman will rule me.

526CHORUS: Look, here comes Ismene from the palace, shedding the tears of a loving sister. A cloud over her eyes mars her red-flushed face,

530and it breaks into rain on her comely cheek.

531CREON: You who were lurking like a viper in my own house and secretly gulping up my life’s blood, while I was oblivious that I was nurturing two plagues, two revolutions against my throne—tell me now, will you also affirm

535your share in this burial, or will you forswear all knowledge of it?

536ISMENE: I performed the deed—as long as she concurs—and I share and carry the burden of guilt.

538ANTIGONE: No, justice will not permit you to do this, since you were not willing to help with the deed, nor did I give you a part in it.

540ISMENE: But now with this sea of troubles around you, I am not ashamed to sail in a sea of suffering at your side.

542ANTIGONE: As to whose deed it is, Hades and the dead are witnesses. A friend in words is not the type of friend I love.

544ISMENE: No, sister, do not strip me of death’s honor,

545but let me die with you and make due consecration to the dead.

546ANTIGONE: Do not share my death. Do not claim deeds to which you did not put your hand. My death will suffice.

548ISMENE: And how can I cherish life, once I am deprived of you?

Part 7

549ANTIGONE: Ask Creon. Your concern is for him.

550ISMENE: Why do you torture me like this, when it does not help you?

551ANTIGONE: No, if I mock you, it is to my own pain that I do so.

552ISMENE: Tell me, how can I help you, even now?

553ANTIGONE: Save yourself. I do not grudge your escape.

554ISMENE: Ah, misery! Will I fall short of sharing your fate?

555ANTIGONE: Your choice was to live, it was mine to die.

556ISMENE: At least your choice was not made without my protests.

557ANTIGONE: One world approved your wisdom, another approved mine.

558ISMENE: Nevertheless, the offense is identical for both of us.

559ANTIGONE: Take heart! You live. But my life has long been

560in Death’s hands so that I might serve the dead.

561CREON: One of these maidens, I declare, has just revealed her foolishness; the other has displayed it from the moment of her birth.

563ISMENE: Yes, Creon. Whatever amount of reason nature may have given them does not remain with those in dire straits, but goes astray.

565CREON: Yours did, I know, when you chose dire actions with dire allies.

566ISMENE: What life would there be for me alone, without her presence?

567CREON: Do not speak of her presence. She lives no longer.

568ISMENE: What? You will kill your own son’s bride?

569CREON: Why not? There are other fields for him to plough.

570ISMENE: But not fitted to him as she was.

571CREON: I abhor an evil wife for my son.

Part 8

572ANTIGONE: Haemon, dearest! How your father wrongs you!

573CREON: Enough! Enough of you and of your marriage!

574CHORUS: Will you really cheat your son of this girl?

575CREON: Death it is who will end these bridals for me.

576CHORUS: Then it seems that it is resolved that she will die.

577CREON: Resolved, yes, for you and by me. To the two Attendants. No more delay! Servants, take them inside! Hereafter they must be women, and not left at large.

580For it is known that even the brave seek to flee, when they see Death now closing on their life. Exeunt Attendants, guarding Antigone and Ismene. Creon remains.

583CHORUS: Blest are those whose days have not tasted of evil. For when a house has once been shaken by the gods,

585no form of ruin is lacking, but it spreads over the bulk of the race, just as, when the surge is driven over the darkness of the deep by the fierce breath of Thracian sea-winds,

590it rolls up the black sand from the depths, and the wind-beaten headlands that front the blows of the storm give out a mournful roar.

593CHORUS: I see that the ancient sorrows of the house of the Labdacids

595are heaped upon the sorrows of the dead. Each generation does not set its race free, but some god hurls it down and the race has no release. For now that dazzling ray of hope that had been spread

600over the last roots in the house of Oedipus—that hope, in its turn, the blood-stained dust of the gods infernal and mindlessness in speech and frenzy at the mind cuts down.

605CHORUS: Your power, great Zeus—what human overstepping can check it? Yours is power that neither Sleep, the all-ensnaring, nor the untiring months of the gods can defeat. Unaged through time,

610you rule by your power and dwell thereby in the brilliant splendor of Olympus. And through the future, both near and distant, as through the past, shall this law prevail: nothing that is vast comes to the life of mortals without ruin.

615CHORUS: See how that hope whose wanderings are so wide truly is a benefit to many men, but to an equal number it is a false lure of light-headed desires. The deception comes to one who is wholly unawares until he burns his foot on a hot fire.

620For with wisdom did someone once reveal the maxim, now famous, that evil at one time or another seems good, to him whose mind a god leads to ruin.

625But for the briefest moment such a man fares free of destruction.

626CHORUS: But here is Haemon, the last of your offspring. Does he come grieving for the doom of Antigone, his promised bride,

630and bitter for the deceived hope of their marriage?

631CREON: We will soon know better than seers could tell us.—My son, can it be that after hearing the final judgment concerning your betrothed, you have come in rage against your father? Or do I have your loyalty, act how I may?

635HAEMON: Father, I am yours, and you keep me upright with precepts good for me—precepts I shall follow. No marriage will be deemed by me more important than your good guidance.

640CREON: Yes, my son, this is the spirit you should maintain in your heart—to stand behind your father’s will in all things. It is for this that men pray: to sire and raise in their homes children who are obedient, that they may requite their father’s enemy with evil and honor his friend, just as their father does.

645But the man who begets unhelpful children—what would you say that he has sown except miseries for himself and abundant exultation for his enemies? Never, then, my son, banish your reason for pleasure on account of a woman,

650knowing that this embrace soon becomes cold and brittle—an evil woman to share your bed and home. For what wound could strike deeper than a false friend? No, spit her out as if she were an enemy, let her go find a husband in Hades.

655For since I caught her alone of all the city in open defiance, I will not make myself a liar to my city. I will kill her. So let her call on Zeus who protects kindred blood. If I am to foster my own kin to spurn order,

660surely I will do the same for outsiders. For whoever shows his excellence in the case of his own household will be found righteous in his city as well. But if anyone oversteps and does violence to the laws, or thinks to dictate to those in power,

665such a one will never win praise from me. No, whomever the city may appoint, that man must be obeyed in matters small and great and in matters just and unjust. And I would feel confident that such a man would be a fine ruler no less than a good and willing subject,

670and that beneath a hail of spears he would stand his ground where posted, a loyal and brave comrade in the battle line. But there is no evil worse than disobedience. This destroys cities; this overturns homes; this breaks

675the ranks of allied spears into headlong rout. But the lives of men who prosper upright, of these obedience has saved the greatest part. Therefore we must defend those who respect order, and in no way can we let a woman defeat us. It is better to fall from power, if it is fated, by a man’s hand,

680than that we be called weaker than women.

681CHORUS: To us, unless our years have stolen our wit, you seem to say what you say wisely.

683HAEMON: Father, the gods implant reason in men, the highest of all things that we call our own.

685For my part, to state how you are wrong to say those things is beyond my power and my desire, although another man, too, might have a useful thought. In any case, it is my natural duty to watch on your behalf all that men say, or do, or find to blame.

690For dread of your glance forbids the ordinary citizen to speak such words as would offend your ear. But I can hear these murmurs in the dark, how the city moans for this girl, saying: No woman ever merited death less—

695none ever died so shamefully for deeds so glorious as hers, who, when her own brother had fallen in bloody battle, would not leave him unburied to be devoured by savage dogs, or by any bird. Does she not deserve to receive golden honor?

700Such is the rumor shrouded in darkness that silently spreads. For me, father, no treasure is more precious than your prosperity. What, indeed, is a nobler ornament for children than the fair fame of a thriving father, or for a father than that of his children?

705Do not, then, bear one mood only in yourself: do not think that your word and no other, must be right. For if any man thinks that he alone is wise—that in speech or in mind he has no peer—such a soul, when laid open, is always found empty.

710No, even when a man is wise, it brings him no shame to learn many things, and not to be too rigid. You see how the trees that stand beside the torrential streams created by a winter storm yield to it and save their branches, while the stiff and rigid perish root and all?

715And in the same way the pilot who keeps the sheet of his sail taut and never slackens it, upsets his boat, and voyages thereafter with his decking underwater. Father, give way and allow a change from your rage. For if even from me, a younger man, a worthy thought may be supplied,

720by far the best thing, I believe, would be for men to be all-wise by nature. Otherwise—since most often it does not turn out that way—it is good to learn in addition from those who advise you well.

724CHORUS: My king, it is right, if he speaks something appropriate, that you should learn from him

725and that you, in turn, Haemon, should learn from your father. On both sides there have been wise words.

726CREON: Men of my age—are we, then, to be schooled in wisdom by men of his?

728HAEMON: Not in anything that is not right. But if I am young, you should look to my conduct, not to my years.

730CREON: Is it worthy conduct to honor disrupters?

Part 9

731HAEMON: I could not urge anyone to show respect for the wicked.

732CREON: And is she not in the grasp of that disease?

733HAEMON: All the people of this city of Thebes deny it.

734CREON: Shall Thebes prescribe to me how I must rule?

735HAEMON: See, there, how you have spoken so much like a child.

736CREON: Am I to rule this land by the will of another than myself?

737HAEMON: That is no city, which belongs to one man.

738CREON: Does not the city by tradition belong to the man in power?

739HAEMON: You would make a fine monarch in a desert.

740CREON: This boy seems to be fighting on the side of the woman.

741HAEMON: If you are a woman, for, to be sure, my concern is for you.

742CREON: You traitor, attacking your father, accusing him!

743HAEMON: Because I see you making a mistake and committing injustice.

744CREON: Am I making a mistake when I respect my own prerogatives?

745HAEMON: Yes. You do not respect them, when you trample on the gods’ honors.

746CREON: Polluted creature, submitting to a woman!

747HAEMON: You will never catch me submitting to shamelessness.

748CREON: You do. Your every word, after all, pleads her case.

749HAEMON: And yours, and mine, and that of gods below.

750CREON: You can never marry her, not while she is still alive.

Part 10

751HAEMON: Then she will die, and in death destroy another.

752CREON: What! Does your audacity run to open threats?

753HAEMON: How is it a threat to speak against empty plans?

754CREON: You will regret your unwise instructions in wisdom.

755HAEMON: If you were not my father, I would have called you insane.

756CREON: You woman’s slave, do not try to cajole me.

757HAEMON: Do you want to have your say and then have done without a reply?

758CREON: Is that so? By Olympus above—know this well—you will have no joy for taunting me over and above your censures.

760Bring out that hated thing, so that with him looking on she may die right now in her bridegroom’s presence and at his side!

762HAEMON: No, not at my side will she die—do not ever imagine it. Nor shall you ever look at me and set eyes on my face again.

765Indulge in your madness now with whomever of your friends can endure it. Exit Haemon.

766CHORUS: The man is gone, King Creon, in anger and haste. A young mind is fierce when stung.

768CREON: Let him do—no!—let him plan something more immense than befits a man. Farewell to him! Still he will not save these two girls from death.

770CHORUS: Then the pair of them, you really intend to kill them both?

771CREON: Not the one who did not put her hands to the burial. You are right.

772CHORUS: And by what mode of death do you mean to kill the other?

773CREON: I will take her where the path is deserted, unvisited by men, and entomb her alive in a rocky vault,

775setting out a ration of food, but only as much as piety requires so that all the city may escape defilement. And praying there to Hades, the only god she worships, perhaps she will obtain immunity from death, or else will learn, at last, even this late,

780that it is fruitless labor to revere the dead. Exit Creon.

781CHORUS: Love, the unconquered in battle, Love, you who descend upon riches, and watch the night through on a girl’s soft cheek,

785you roam over the sea and among the homes of men in the wilds. Neither can any immortal escape you,

790nor any man whose life lasts for a day. He who has known you is driven to madness.

791CHORUS: You seize the minds of just men and drag them to injustice, to their ruin. You it is who have incited this conflict of men whose flesh and blood are one.

795But victory belongs to radiant Desire swelling from the eyes of the sweet-bedded bride. Desire sits enthroned in power beside the mighty laws.

800For in all this divine Aphrodite plays her irresistible game.

801CHORUS: But now, witnessing this, I too am carried beyond the bounds of loyalty. The power fails me to keep back my streaming tears any longer, when I see Antigone making her way to the chamber where all are laid to rest,

805now her bridal chamber.

806ANTIGONE: Citizens of my fatherland, see me setting out on my last journey, looking at my last sunlight,

810and never again. No, Hades who lays all to rest leads me living to Acheron’s shore, though I have not had my due portion of the chant that brings the bride, nor has any hymn been mine

815for the crowning of marriage. Instead the lord of Acheron will be my groom.

817CHORUS: Then in glory and with praise you depart to that deep place of the dead, neither struck by wasting sickness,

820nor having won the wages of the sword. No, guided by your own laws and still alive, unlike any mortal before, you will descend to Hades.

Part 11

823ANTIGONE: I have heard with my own ears how our Phrygian guest, the daughter of Tantalus, perished

825in so much suffering on steep Sipylus—how, like clinging ivy, the sprouting stone subdued her. And the rains, as men tell, do not leave her melting form, nor does the snow,

830but beneath her weeping lids she dampens her collar. Most like hers is the god-sent fate that leads me to my rest.

834CHORUS: Yet she was a goddess, as you know, and the offspring of gods,

835while we are mortals and mortal-born. Still it is a great thing for a woman who has died to have it said of her that she shared the lot of the godlike in her life, and afterwards, in death.

839ANTIGONE: Ah, you mock me! In the name of our fathers’ gods,

840why do you not wait to abuse me until after I have gone, and not to my face, O my city, and you, her wealthy citizens? Ah, spring of Dirce, and you holy ground of Thebes whose chariots are many,

845you, at least, will bear me witness how unwept by loved ones, and by what laws I go to the rock-closed prison of my unheard-of tomb! Ah, misery!

850I have no home among men or with the shades, no home with the living or with the dead.

853CHORUS: You have rushed headlong to the far limits of daring, and against the high throne of Justice

855you have fallen, my daughter, fallen heavily. But in this ordeal you are paying for some paternal crime.

858ANTIGONE: You have touched on my most bitter thought

860and moved my ever-renewed pity for my father and for the entire doom ordained for us, the famed house of Labdacus. Oh, the horrors of our mother’s bed! Oh, the slumbers of the wretched mother at the side

865of her own son, my own father! What manner of parents gave me my miserable being! It is to them that I go like this, accursed and unwed, to share their home.

870Ah, my brother, the marriage you made was doomed, and by dying you killed me still alive!

872CHORUS: Your pious action shows a certain reverence, but an offence against power can no way be tolerated by him who has power in his keeping.

875Your self-willed disposition is what has destroyed you.

876ANTIGONE: Unwept, unfriended, without marriage-song, I am led in misery on this journey that cannot be put off. No longer is it permitted me, unhappy girl,

880to look up at this sacred eye of the burning sun. But for my fate no tear is shed, no friend moans in sorrow.

883CREON: Do you not know that dirges and wailing before death would never be given up, if it were allowed to make them freely?

885Take her away—now! And when you have enshrouded her, as I proclaimed, in her covered tomb, leave her alone, deserted—let her decide whether she wishes to die or to live entombed in such a home. It makes no difference, since our hands are clean so far as regards this girl.

890But no matter what, she will be stripped of her home here above.

891ANTIGONE: Tomb, bridal-chamber, deep-dug eternal prison where I go to find my own, whom in the greatest numbers destruction has seized and Persephone has welcomed among the dead!

895Last of them all and in by far the most shameful circumstances, I will descend, even before the fated term of my life is spent. But I cherish strong hopes that I will arrive welcome to my father, and pleasant to you, Mother, and welcome, dear brother, to you.

900For, when each of you died, with my own hands I washed and dressed you and poured drink-offerings at your graves. But now, Polyneices, it is for tending your corpse that I win such reward as this.

920What law of the gods have I transgressed? Why should I look to the gods anymore? What ally should I call out to, when by my reverence I have earned a name for irreverence?

925Well, then, if these events please the gods, once I have suffered my doom I will come to know my guilt. But if the guilt lies with my judges, I could wish for them no greater evils than they inflict unjustly on me.

929CHORUS: Still the same tempest of the soul

930grips this girl with the same fierce gusts.

931CREON: Then because of this her guards will have reason to lament their slowness.

933ANTIGONE: Ah, no! That command verges close on death.

935CREON: I cannot console you with any hope that your doom is not to be fulfilled in that way.

937ANTIGONE: O city of my fathers, land of Thebes, and you gods, our ancestors! I am led away now; there is no more delay!

940Look at me, you who are Thebes’ lords—look at the only remaining daughter of the house of your kings. See what I suffer, and at whose hands, because I revered reverence! Antigone is led away by the guards.

944CHORUS: So too endured Danae in her beauty to change

945the light of the sky for brass-bound walls, and in that chamber, both burial and bridal, she was held in strict confinement. And yet was she of esteemed lineage, my daughter,

950and guarded a deposit of the seed of Zeus that had fallen in a golden rain. But dreadful is the mysterious power of fate—there is no deliverance from it by wealth or by war, by towered city, or dark, sea-beaten ships.

955CHORUS: And Dryas’s son, the Edonian king swift to rage, was tamed in recompense for his frenzied insults, when, by the will of Dionysus, he was shut in a rocky prison. There the fierce and swelling force of his madness trickled away.

960That man came to know the god whom in his frenzy he had provoked with mockeries. For he had sought to quell the god-inspired women and the Bacchanalian fire,

965and he angered the Muses who love the flute.

966CHORUS: And by the waters of the Dark Rocks, the waters of the twofold sea, are the shores of Bosporus and the Thracian city Salmydessus,

970where Ares, neighbor of that city, saw the accursed, blinding wound inflicted on the two sons of Phineus by his savage wife. It was a wound that brought darkness to the hollows, making them crave vengeance

975for the eyes she crushed with her bloody hands and with her shuttle for a dagger.

977CHORUS: Wasting away in their misery, they bewailed their miserable suffering

980and their birth from their mother stripped of her marriage. But she traced her descent from the ancient line of the Erechtheids, and in far-distant caves she was raised amidst her father’s gusts. She was the child of Boreas,

985running swift as horses over the steep hills, a daughter of gods. Yet she, too, was assailed by the long-lived Fates, my child.

988TEIRESIAS: Princes of Thebes, we have come on a shared journey, two scouting the way by the eyes of one.

990For this is the method of travel for the blind, using a guide.

991CREON: What is it, old Teiresias? What is your news?

Part 12

992TEIRESIAS: I will tell you. You, obey the seer.

993CREON: It was not my habit before, at any rate, to stand apart from your will.

994TEIRESIAS: Therefore you captained this city on an upright course.

995CREON: I have felt and can attest your benefits.

996TEIRESIAS: Realize that once more now you are poised on fortune’s razor-edge.

997CREON: What do you mean? I shudder to hear you!

998TEIRESIAS: You will understand, when you hear the signs revealed by my art. As I took my place on my old seat of augury

1000where all birds regularly gather for me, I heard an unintelligible voice among them: they were screaming in dire frenzy that made their language foreign to me. I realized that they were ripping each other with their talons, murderously—the rush of their wings did not lack meaning.

1005Quickly, in fear, I tried burnt-sacrifice on a duly-kindled altar, but from my offerings Hephaestus did not blaze. Instead juice that had sweated from the thigh-flesh trickled out onto the embers and smoked and sputtered;

1010the gall was scattered high up in the air; and the streaming thighs lay bared of the fat that had been wrapped around them. Such was the failure of the rites that yielded no sign, as I learned from this boy. For he is my guide, as I am guide to others.

1015And it is your will that is the source of the sickness now afflicting the city. For the altars of our city and our hearths have one and all been tainted by the birds and dogs with the carrion taken from the sadly fallen son of Oedipus. And so the gods no more accept prayer and sacrifice at our hands,

1020or the burning of thigh-meat, nor does any bird sound out clear signs in its shrill cries, for they have tasted the fatness of a slain man’s blood. Think, therefore, on these things, my son. All men are liable to err.

1025But when an error is made, that man is no longer unwise or unblessed who heals the evil into which he has fallen and does not remain stubborn. Self-will, we know, invites the charge of foolishness. Concede the claim of the dead. Do not kick at the fallen.

1030What prowess is it to kill the dead all over again? I have considered for your good, and what I advise is good. The sweetest thing is to learn from a good advisor when his advice is to your profit.

1033CREON: Old man, you all shoot your arrows at me, like archers at their mark, and I am not safe

1035even from the plottings of the seer’s divine art, but by their tribe I have long been bought and sold and made their merchandise. Turn your profits, make your deals for the white gold of Sardis and the gold of India, if it pleases you, but you shall not cover that man with a grave,

1040not even if the eagles of Zeus wish to snatch and carry him to be devoured at the god’s throne. No, not even then, for fear of that defilement will I permit his burial, since I know with certainty that no mortal has the power to defile the gods.

1045But even the exceedingly clever, old Teiresias, falls with a shameful fall, when they couch shameful thoughts in fine phrasing for profit’s sake.

1048TEIRESIAS: Alas! Does any man know, does any consider—

1049CREON: What is this? What universal truth are you announcing?

1050TEIRESIAS: —by how much the most precious of our possessions is the power to reason wisely?

1051CREON: By as much, I think, as senselessness is the greatest affliction.

1052TEIRESIAS: Yet you came into being full of that disease.

1053CREON: I have no desire to trade insults with the seer.

1054TEIRESIAS: Yet that is what you do in saying that I prophesy falsely.

1055CREON: Yes, for the prophet-clan was ever fond of money.

1056TEIRESIAS: And the race sprung from tyrants loves shameful gain.

1057CREON: Do you know that you ramble so about your king?

1058TEIRESIAS: I am aware, since through me you have saved this city.

1059CREON: You are a wise seer, but fond of doing injustice.

Part 13

1060TEIRESIAS: You will stir me to utter the dire secret in my soul.

1061CREON: Out with it! But only if it is not for gain that you speak it.

1062TEIRESIAS: Indeed, I think I speak without mention of gain—where you are concerned.

1063CREON: Be certain that you will not trade in my will.

1064TEIRESIAS: Then know, yes, know it well! You will not live through many more

1065courses of the sun’s swift chariot, before you will give in return one sprung from your own loins, a corpse in requital for corpses. For you have thrust below one of those of the upper air and irreverently lodged a living soul in the grave,

1070while you detain in this world that which belongs to the infernal gods, a corpse unburied, unmourned, unholy. In the dead you have no part, nor do the gods above, but in this you do them violence. For these crimes the avenging destroyers,

1075the Furies of Hades and of the gods, lie in ambush for you, waiting to seize you in these same sufferings. And look closely if I tell you this with a silvered palm. A time not long to be delayed will reveal in your house wailing over men and over women.

1080All the cities are stirred up in hostility, whose mangled corpses the dogs, or the wild beasts or some winged bird buried, carrying an unholy stench to the city that held each man’s hearth. There, now, are arrows for your heart, since you provoke me,

1085launched at you, archer-like, in my anger. They fly true—you cannot run from their burning sting. Boy, lead me home, so that he may launch his rage against younger men, and learn to keep a quieter tongue

1090and a better mind within his breast than he now bears. Exit Teiresias.

1091CHORUS: The man is gone, my king, leaving dire prophecies behind. And for all the time that I have had this hair on my head, now white, once dark, I know that he has never been a false prophet to our city.

1095CREON: I, too, know it well, and my mind is troubled. To yield is terrible, but, to resist, to strike my pride with ruin—this, too, inspires terror.

1098CHORUS: The moment, Creon, requires that you reason wisely.

1099CREON: What should I do, then? Speak, and I will obey.

1100CHORUS: Go and free the girl from her hollowed chamber. Then raise a tomb for the unburied dead.

1102CREON: And you recommend this? You think that I should yield?

1103CHORUS: Yes, my king, and with all possible speed. For harms sent from the gods swiftly cut short the follies of men.

1105CREON: Ah, it is a struggle, but I depart from my heart’s resolve and obey. We must not wage vain wars with necessity.

1107CHORUS: Go, do these things and do not leave their performance to others.

1108CREON: Right away I will go. Go, go, my servants, each and all of you! Take axes in your hands,

1110and hurry to that place there in view! But since my judgment has taken this turn, I will be there to set her free, as I myself confined her. I am held by the fear that it is best to keep the established laws to life’s very end.

1115CHORUS: God of many names, glory of the Cadmeian bride and offspring of loud-thundering Zeus, you who watch over far-famed Italy and reign

1120in the valleys of Eleusinian Deo where all find welcome! O Bacchus, denizen of Thebes, the mother-city of your Bacchants, dweller by the wet stream of Ismenus on the soil

1125of the sowing of the savage dragon’s teeth!

1126CHORUS: The smoky glare of torches sees you above the cliffs of the twin peaks, where the Corycian nymphs move inspired by your godhead,

1130and Castalia’s stream sees you, too. The ivy-mantled slopes of Nysa’s hills and the shore green with many-clustered vines send you, when accompanied by the cries of your divine words,

1135you visit the avenues of Thebes.

1137CHORUS: Thebes of all cities you hold foremost in honor, together with your lightning-struck mother.

1140And now when the whole city is held subject to a violent plague, come, we ask, with purifying feet over steep Parnassus,

1145or over the groaning straits!

1146CHORUS: O Leader of the chorus of the stars whose breath is fire, overseer of the chants in the night, son begotten of Zeus,

1150appear, my king, with your attendant Thyiads, who in night-long frenzy dance and sing you as Iacchus the Giver!

1155MESSENGER: Neighbors of the house of Cadmus and of Amphion, there is no station of human life that I would ever praise or blame as being settled. Fortune sets upright and Fortune sinks the lucky and unlucky from day to day,

1160and no one can prophesy to men concerning the order that has just been established. For Creon, as I saw it, was once blest: he had saved this land of Cadmus from its enemies; and having won sole and total dominion in the land, he guided it on a straight course and flourished in his noble crop of children.

1165And now all this has been lost. When a man has forfeited his pleasures, I do not reckon his existence as life, but consider him just a breathing corpse. Heap up riches in your house, if you wish! Live with a tyrant’s pomp! But if there is no joy

1170along with all of that, I would not pay even the shadow of smoke for all the rest, compared with joy.

Part 14

1172CHORUS: What is this new grief for our princes that you have come to report?

1173MESSENGER: They are dead, and the living are guilty of the deaths.

1174CHORUS: Who is the murderer? Who the murdered? Tell us.

1175MESSENGER: Haemon is dead—his blood was shed by no strange hand.

1176CHORUS: Was it his father’s, or his own ?

1177MESSENGER: He did it by his own, enraged with his father for the murder.

1178CHORUS: Ah, prophet, how true, then, you have proved your word!

1179MESSENGER: Knowing that these things are so, you must consider the rest.

1180CHORUS: Wait, I see the unhappy Eurydice, Creon’s wife, nearby. She comes from the house either knowing of her son, or merely by chance.

1183EURYDICE: People of Thebes, I heard your words as I was on my way to the gates to address divine Pallas with my prayers.

1185At one and the same time I was loosening the bolts of the gate to open it, and the sound of a blow to our house struck my ear. In terror I sank back into the arms of my handmaids, and my senses fled.

1190But repeat what your news was, for I shall hear it with ears that are no strangers to sorrow.

1192MESSENGER: Dear mistress, I will tell what I witnessed and leave no word of the truth unspoken. For what good would it do that should I soothe you with words in which I must later be found false?

1195The truth is always best. I attended your husband as his guide to the furthest part of the plain, where unpitied the body of Polyneices, torn by dogs, still lay. After we had prayed to the goddess of the roads

1200and to Pluto to restrain their anger in mercy, we washed him with pure washing, and with freshly-plucked boughs we burned what remains there were. Lastly we heaped a high-mounded tomb of his native earth. Afterwards we turned away to enter the maiden’s stoney-bedded

1205bridal chamber, the caverned mansion of Hades’ bride. From a distance, one of us servants heard a voice of loud wailing near that bride’s unwept bed and came to tell our master Creon. And as the King moved closer and closer, obscure signs rising from a bitter cry surrounded him—

1210he groaned and said in bitter lament, Ah, misery, am I now the prophet of evil? Am I going on the path most lined with grief of all that I have walked before? My son’s voice greets me. Go, my servants,

1215hurry closer, and when you have reached the tomb, enter the opening where the stones of the mound have been torn away, up to the cell’s very mouth. See if it is Haemon’s voice that I recognize, or if I am cheated by the gods.

1219This search, at our desperate master’s word,

1220we went to make, and in the furthest part of the tomb we saw her hanging by the neck, fastened by a halter of fine linen threads, while he was embracing her with arms thrown around her waist, bewailing the loss of his bride to the spirits below, as well as his father’s deeds, and his grief-filled marriage.

1225But his father, when he saw him, cried aloud with a dreadful cry and went in and called to him with a voice of wailing: Ah, unhappy boy, what have you done! What plan have you seized on? By what misfortune have you lost your reason?

1230Come out, my son, I pray you, I beg you! But the boy glared at him with savage eyes, spat in his face, and without a word in response drew his twin-edged sword. As his father rushed out in flight, he missed his aim. Then the ill-fated boy was enraged with himself

1235and straightway stretched himself over his sword and drove it, half its length, into his side. Still conscious, he clasped the maiden in his faint embrace, and, as he gasped, he shot onto her pale cheek a swift stream of oozing blood.

1240Corpse enfolding corpse he lay, having won his marriage rites, poor boy, not here, but in Hades’ palace, and having shown to mankind by how much the failure to reason wisely is the most severe of all afflictions assigned to man. Eurydice departs into the house.

1244CHORUS: What would you infer from this? The lady

1245has turned back and gone without a word, either for good or for evil.

1246MESSENGER: I, too, am startled. Still I am nourished by the hope that at the grave news of her son she thinks it unworthy to make her laments before the city, but in the shelter of her home will set her handmaids to mourn the house’s grief.

1250For she is not unhabituated to discretion, that she should err.

1251CHORUS: I do not know. But to me, in any case, a silence too strict seems to promise trouble just as much as a fruitless abundance of weeping.

1253MESSENGER: I will find out whether she is not, in fact, hiding some repressed plan in the darkness of her passionate heart.

1255I will go in, since you are right—in an excess of silence, too, there may be trouble. Exit Messenger.

1257CHORUS: Look, here is the King himself approaching, his hands grasping a monument plainly signing that his—if we may say it—and no one else’s,

1260was the madness of this error.

1261CREON: Ah, the blunders of an unthinking mind, blunders of rigidity, yielding death! Oh, you witnesses of the killers and the killed, both of one family!

1265What misery arises from my reasonings! Haemon, you have died after a young life, youngest and last of my sons! O God! You have departed not by your foolishness, but by my own!

1270CHORUS: Ah, how late you seem to see the right!

1271CREON: God, I have mastered the bitter lesson! But then, then, I think, some god struck me on my head with a crushing weight, and drove me into savage paths,

1275—ah!—and overthrew my joy to be trampled on! Ah, the labors men must toil through!

Part 15

1278MESSENGER: My master, you have come, I think, like one whose hands are not empty, but who has a ready store: first, you carry that burden visible in your arms;

1280second, you will soon look upon further sufferings inside your house.

1281CREON: What worse suffering is still to follow upon these sufferings?

1282MESSENGER: Your wife is dead, true mother of that corpse, poor lady, by wounds newly cut.

1284CREON: O harbor of Hades, hard to purify!

1285Why, why do you ruin me? Herald of evil, of grief, what word do you say? Ah, you have done in a dead man anew! What are you saying, boy? What is this you report to me

1290God no!—what new slaughter, my wife’s doom, is heaped upon this ruin?

1293CHORUS: The sight is at hand. It is no longer hidden inside.

1294CREON: Ah, misery!

1295There I see a new, a second evil! What destiny, ah, what, can still await me? I have just now taken my son in my arms, and now I see another corpse before me!

1300Oh, tormented mother! Oh, my son!

1301MESSENGER: By the altar, with a sharp-whetted sword, she struck until her eyes went slack and dark. Before that she bewailed the noble fate of Megareus who died earlier, and then the fate of this boy, and also, with her last breath,

1305she called down evil fortune upon you, the slayer of her sons.

1306CREON: Ah, no! I tremble with fear. Why does no one strike me full on my chest with a two-edged sword?

1310I am miserable—ah—and bathed in miserable anguish!

1312MESSENGER: Yes, because you were accused of responsibility for both this son’s death, and the other’s, by her whose corpse you see.

1314CREON: What was the manner of the violent deed by which she departed?

1315MESSENGER: Her own hand struck her to the heart upon learning her son’s sharply-lamented fate.

1317CREON: Ah this guilt can never be fastened onto any other mortal so as to remove my own! It was I, yes, I, who killed you, I the wretch.

1320I admit the truth. Lead me away, my servants, lead me from here with all haste, who am no more than a dead man!

1325CHORUS: The course you recommend is to your gain, if there can be gain amidst evil. What is briefest is best, when trouble lies at your feet.

1328CREON: Let it come, let it appear, that fairest of fates for me, that brings my final day,

1330the fate supreme! Oh, let it come, so that I may never see tomorrow’s light!

1334CHORUS: These things are in the future. We must see to present affairs.

1335Fulfillment of these things rests in the hands where it should rest.

1336CREON: All that I crave was summed in that prayer.

1337CHORUS: Then pray no more; for mortals have no release from destined misfortune.

1339CREON: Lead me away, I beg you, a rash, useless man.

1340I have murdered you, son, unwittingly, and you, too, my wife—the misery! I do not know which way I should look, or where I should seek support. All is

1345amiss that is in my hands, and, again, a crushing fate has leapt upon my head.

1347CHORUS: Wisdom is provided as the chief part of happiness, and our dealings with the gods must be in no way unholy. The great words of arrogant men have to make repayment with great blows, and in old age teach wisdom.